Biyolojik Silah Olarak Viral Ajanlar

Öz

Birçok virüs, CDC tarafından olası biyolojik silah ajanı olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Çiçek, viral ensefalit ve viralkanamalı ateş etkeni olan virüsler, üretimlerinin kolay ve bulaştırıcılıklarının yüksek olması nedeniyle kaygıyaratmaktadırlar. Bu derlemede biyolojik silah olarak kullanılması muhtemel virüslerin genel özellikleri, tanıyöntemleri, tedavileri ve bu ajanlara karşı alınması gereken koruyucu önlemler özetlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Virüs, biyolojik silah, çiçek, ensefalit, hemorajik ateş

Viral Agents As Biological Weapons

Abstract

Various viral agents have been classified by the CDC as probable biological weapon agent. Viruses such assmallpox virus, viral encephalitis and viral hemorrhagic fever viruses are of concern, since they are highly infectiousand relatively easy to produce. In this review, general characteristics, diagnosis, therapy and protectivemeasurements for viruses those can be used as biological weapon has been summarized

Keywords

• Virus, biological weapon, smallpox, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever

References

1. Guarner J, Zaki SR: Histopatology and immunohistochemitry in the diagnosis of bioterrorism agents. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54(1): 3-11.
2. Spencer RC, Lightfott NF: Preparedness and response to bioterrorism. J Infect 2001; 43: 104-10.
3. Bronze MS, Huycke MM, Machando LJ, Voskuhl GW, Greenfield RA: Viral agents as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323 (6): 316-25.
4. Christopher GW, Cieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM: Biological warfare, a historical perspective. JAMA 1997; 278: 412-7.
5. Hancı İH, Özdemir Ç, Bozbıyık A, Tuğ A: Biyolojik silahlar: Etkileri, korunma yöntemleri. STED 2001; 10(9): 3 3 0 - 2 . http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp
6. Greenfield RA, Brown BR, Hutchins JB et al: Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323: 326-40.
7. Ferguson JR: Biological weapons and US law. JAMA 1997; 278: 399-411.
8. Peruski LF, Peruski AH: Rapid diagnostic assay in the genomic biology era: detection and identification of infectious disease and biological weapon agents. BioTechniques 2003; 35: 840-6.

9. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett ve ark: Smallpox as a biological weapon. Medical and public health management. JAMA 1999; 281: 2127-37. 1 . Klietmann WF, Ruoff KL. Bioterrorism: Implications for the clinical microbiologist. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 3 6 4 - 8 1 .
10. Arita L: Virological evidence for the success of the smallpox eradication programme. Nature 1979; 279: 293-8.
11. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı: Bulaşıcı Hastalıkların Bildirim Sistemi, Standart Tanı, Surveyans ve Laboratuvar Rehberi, Baskı, Ankara, 2005: 79-88.
12. Moss B: Poxviridae: The viruses and their replication. In Fields BN et al. (Eds), Fields Virology. 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996: 2640-71.
13. Breman J, Henderson D: Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1300-8.
14. Bray M, Martinez M, Kefauver D, West M, Roy C: Treatment of aerosolized cowpox virus infection in mice with aerosolized cidofovir. Antiviral Res 2002; 54: 129-42.
15. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM et al: Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997; 278: 399-411.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50: 1-25
17. Özkuyumcu C: Viral zoonozlar. (ed. Ustaçelebi Ş, Abacıoğlu H, Badur S) Moleküler, Klinik ve Tanısal Viroloji. Güneş Kitabevi, 2004: 293-324.
18. Johnston RE, Peters CJ: Alphaviruses,. In Fields BN et al. (Eds), Fields Virology., 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. 1996: 843-98.
19. Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A ve ark: BICHAT guidelines for the clinical management of bioterrorism-related viral encephalitis. Euro Surveill 2004; 9 (12).
20. Lukaszeski RA, Brooks TJ: Pegylated alpha interferon is an effective treatment for virulent Venezuelan equine encephalits virus and has profound effects on the host immune response to infection. J Virol 2000; 74: 5006-15.
21. Phillpots RJ, Lescott TL, Jacobs SC: Vaccinia virus recombinants encoding the truncated structural gene region of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) give solid protection against peripheral challenge but only partial protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. Acta Virol 2000; 44: 233-9.
22. Borio L, Inglesby T,Peters CJ ve ark: Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons. Medical and public health management. JAMA 2002; 287: 2391-405.
23. Gargan TP II, Clarck GG, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Vector potential of selected North American mosqito species for Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38: 440-6.
24. Karti SS, Odabasi Z, Korten V et al. Crimean-Cogo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(8): 84.
25. McCaughey C, Hart CA: Hantaviruses. J Med Microbiol 2000, 49: 587-99
26. Nichol ST, Spiropoulu CF, Morzunov S et al: Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness. Science 1993, 262: 914-7.
27. Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A ve ark: BICHAT guidelines for the clinical management of haemorrhagic fever viruses and bioterrorism-related haemorrhagic fever viruses. Euro Surveill 2004; 15:9 (12): E11-2.