Genotoksik hasarın belirlenmesinde mikronükleus testi

Abstract

Mikronükleus MN ’lar hücrenin mitoz bölünmesi sırasında ortaya çıkarlar ve esas çekirdeğe dâhil olmazlar. MN’ler tam kromozom veya asentrik kromozom parçalarından köken alan oluşumlardır.MN sayısındaki artış, somatik hücrelerdeki genomik kararsızlığın göstergesidir. MN testi, fiziksel ve kimyasal ajanların hücrelerde oluşturduğu genotoksik etkinin belirlenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir testtir. Bu test mitoz bölünme ile oluşan hemen hemen tüm hücre tipleri üzerinde in vitro ve in vivo olarak uygulanabilmekte ve kromozom anormallikleri testine göre daha kolay ve hızlı sonuç vermektedir. Kültürde bir kez bölünmesini tamamlamış binükleat hücrelerde MN frekansını saptayan ve sitokalasin-B ile sitokinezin bloklanmasına dayanan metodun gelişmesi ile MN testinin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği artmıştır. MN testi aynı zamanda, in vitro çalışmalarda nükleer bölünme indeksi, in vivo çalışmalarda ise polikromatik eritrositler ile normokromatik eritrositler arasındaki oran kullanılarak sitotoksisitenin tahmin edilmesini de sağlamaktadır. İnsan ve diğer türler çevrelerinde bulunan çok sayıda farklı kimyasal ve fiziksel etkenlere maruz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle kimyasal ve fiziksel faktörlerin potansiyel riskleri ve olumsuz etkilerini değerlendiren genotoksisite çalışmaları giderek daha çok önem kazanmaktadır. MN testi; fiziksel etkenlerin, ilaçların, çevresel kirleticiler ve gıda katkı maddeleri gibi günlük yaşamda sıklıkla maruz kaldığımız her türlü kimyasal maddenin genotoksik ve karsinojenik potansiyellerinin ve güvenilirliliklerinin araştırılmasını, kanser riskinin tahmin edilmesini ve kanserin izlenmesini sağlayan oldukça kullanışlı bir biyoizlem testidir. Basitliği, güvenirliliği, geçerliliği ve farklı hücre tiplerine uygulanabilirliği gibi avantajlara sahip olması nedeniyle yıllardır kullanılmakta olan MN testinin, gelecekte de mutajenitenin belirlenmesi ve önlenmesinde önemli bir rolü olacaktır. Bu derlemenin amacı hücrelerdeki genetik hasarın indirekt göstergesi olarak değerlendirilen MN tekniği hakkında bilgi vermektir

Keywords

• Mikronükleus testi, kromozom hasarı, genotoksisite

Micronucleus test for determining genotoxic damage

Abstract

Micronuclei MN are formed during mitosis and do not integrate in the main nucleus. They may arise from a whole lagging chromosome or an acentric chromosome fragment. An increase of MN frequency indicates genomic instability. The MN test is commonly used to determine the genotoxic effects of chemical and physical agents on somatic cells. It is applied to all types of cells reproducing by mitosis in vitro and in vivo, and it is easier and faster to perform than the chromosome aberration assay. With the development of the in vitro cytochalasin-B block method for detecting MN frequency in binuclear cells, its reliability and validity has been increased. At the same time, the test enables an estimation of cytotoxicity using the frequency of nuclear division index in in vitro studies, and the ratio between polychromatic erythrocytes in in vivo studies. Human beings and other species are exposed to a large number of chemical and physical factors in their environment. Therefore, the genotoxic studies about the adverse effects and potential risks of those factors gain importance exponentially. The MN test is a practical bio-monitoring test that provides an investigation tool on genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials and reliability of physical agents, drugs and all types of other chemical such as pollutants, food additives to which people are exposed daily, and it helps to predict and monitor the cancer risk. The MN technique, kanserin izlenmesini sağlayan oldukça kullanışlı bir biyoizlem testidir. Basitliği, güvenirliliği, geçerliliği ve farklı hücre tiplerine uygulanabilirliği gibi avantajlara sahip olması nedeniyle yıllardır kullanılmakta olan MN testinin, gelecekte de mutajenitenin belirlenmesi ve önlenmesinde önemli bir rolü olacaktır. Bu derlemenin amacı hücrelerdeki genetik hasarın indirekt göstergesi olarak değerlendirilen MN tekniği hakkında bilgi vermektir

Keywords

• Micronucleus technique, chromosome damage, genotoxicity

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