İnsektisit zehirlenmeleri ve Türkiye’deki durumun değerlendirilmesi

Öz

İnsektisitler, hem tarımsal üretimin artırılmasında hem de ev ve toplum sağlığında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak üretim, ambalajlama ya da kullanımları sırasında gerekli özenin gösterilmemesi ya da intihar gibi suistimale bağlı olarak, kazai, kasti veya mesleki temas nedeniyle ciddi zehirlenmelere hatta bazen ölümlere yol açabilmektedirler. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de insektisitlerle zehirlenme olgularına sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde ülkemizde pazarlanmakta olan insektisit grupları olan organofosfatlar, organoklorlular, piretrinler ve piretroidler, amitraz ve diğer insektisitlerin avermektinler, dietil-m-toluamid DEET ve neonikotinik asit türevleri genel özellikleri, toksik etkileri, zehirlenme tanı ve tedavi yaklaşımları konusundaki bilgiler sunulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ise Türkiye’de pestisit / insektisit zehirlenmelerinin epidemiyolojisi ve tedavi yaklaşımları konusunda ilaç ve zehir bilgi merkezleri, adli tıp enstitüleri, üniversitelerin adli tıp ana bilim dalları, üniversite hastaneleri, devlet hastaneleri veya sağlık merkezleri tarafından bildirilmiş olan çalışma örnekleri değerlendirilerek Türkiye genelini kapsayan tablonun oluşturulmasına katkıda bulunulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu raporların değerlendirilmesinde en sıklıkla olguların organofosfatlı bileşiklere maruziyet sonucunda geliştiği, özellikle intiharlarda olmak üzere kadınların daha duyarlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde rastlanılmamakla birlikte, Türkiye’de esas olarak veterinerlikte kullanılan bir ilaç olmasına karşın, insektisit olarak da bazı ürünleri bulunan amitrazla, özellikle çocukluk çağında zehirlenme olgularına ait çok sayıda kayıt bulunması dikkat çekicidir. Diğer taraftan, yasaklanmış organoklorlu bileşiklerle zehirlenme olgularına rastlanmış olması da toplumsal ve düzenleyici kuruluşlar düzeyinde önlem ve denetimlerin yetersizliğini düşündürmektedir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde, ülkemizde insektisitlerin tarımsal üretim, saklama ya da istemli veya diğer şekillerde tüketimleri ile ilgili olarak ortaya çıkan sonuçlar ve bu ürünlerin doğru ve güvenli üretimi ve tüketimine yönelik olarak ve zehirlenmelere karşı alınması gereken önlemlere ilişkin öneriler sıralanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İnsektisit, organofosfatlı insektisitler, organoklorlu insektisitler, piretroidler, insektisit zehirlenmeleri

Evaluation of insecticide poisoning and the cases in Turkey

Abstract

Insecticides have a great importance in the increase of agricultural productivity and maintaining of public health. However, they can cause serious poisoning cases and even deaths at times due to accidental, intentional or occupational exposures. Thus insecticide poisoning cases are encountered frequently in Turkey as well as throughout the world. The first part of this review focused on the toxicological profiles of various insecticide groups organophosphates, organochlorine insecticides, pyrethrines, pyrethroids, amitraz and other insectides avermectines, diethyl-m-toluamid DEET and neonicotinik acid derivatives , and diagnosis and treatment of poisoning with those insecticides marketed in Turkey. In the second part, the studies on insecticide poisonings which were conducted in Drug and Poison Centers, Institutes of Forensic Science, Departments of Forensic Medicine, University and State Hospitals and Medical Centers in Turkey were evaluated with the aim of contributing the whole picture of the situation in Turkey. In review of these reports it was found that the most frequently occurred cases resulted from exposures with organophosphate compounds, and females were more vulnerable than males. It is noteworthy that there are numerous reports in Turkey regarding poisoning cases with amitraz, which was used mostly as a veterinary drug, especially in children despite no cases in the developed

Keywords

• Insectides, organophosphates, organochlorine insecticides, pyrethroides, poisoning of insectides

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