Mikrosistin biyosentez yolaklarının düzenlenmesi ve genetik mekanizmalar

Öz

Oksijenik fotosentetik bakteriler grubunda yer alan, sucul ve karasal çevrede çok yaygın bir yaşam alanı bulunan siyanobakteriler Mavi-yeşil alg farklı morfolojik yapıya sahiptirler. Siyanobakteriler, bir kısmı oldukça etkili toksin olan ribozomal olmayan peptidler, poliketidler ve alkoloidleri içeren biyoaktif sekonder metabolit üretebilmektedirler. Toksik siyanobakterilerin yaygın bir şekilde bulunması insan ve hayvan sağlığı için risk oluşturmaktadır. Siyanobakterial toksinler veya siyanotoksinler insanlarda karaciğer kanseri, dermal kontakt irritasyonlar, gastroenterit gibi hastalıklara sebep olmaktadır. Siyanotoksinler nörotoksinler,hepatotoksinler, sitotoksinler ve dermatotoksinler olmak üzere dört ana sınıfa ayrılırlar. Fakat yapısal olarak birbirlerinden oldukça farklıdırlar. Geçtiğimiz on yıl içerisinde dört temel siyanotoksinin: mikrosistin, nodularin, saksitoksin ve silindrospermopsin biyosentez yolakları biyokimyasal ve genetik olarak tanımlanmıştır. Mikrosistinlerin, insan ve hayvan intoksikasyonlarını içeren birçok vakadan sorumlu olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu derleme ile mikrosistinin biyosentez yolaklarını, kimyasal, genetik ve toksikolojik özelliklerin açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Siyanobakteri, mikrosistin, toksin

The regulation of microcystin biosynthesis pathways and genetic mechanisms

Abstract

The cyanobacteria blue-green algae , as they are commonly named, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Cyanobacteria produce bioactive secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, some of which are potent toxins. The common occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria causes problems for health of animals and human. Cyanobacterial toxins or cyanotoxins are responsible diseases such as liver cancer, dermal contact irritations and gastroenteritis in humans. The cyanotoxins divide four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins. However, this toxins are quite variety. The biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, saxitoxin, nodularin and cylindrospermopsin, have been interpreted as biochemical and genetical in the past decade. Microcystins have been implicated in several cases of animal and human intoxications. This review summarizes biosynthesis pathways of microcystin, chemistry, genetic and toxicology

Keywords

• Cyanobacteria, microcystin, toxin

References

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