Bitkilerde RNA interferans

Öz

RNA interferans RNAi mekanizması, hücreye giren çift zincirli RNA’nın dsRNA komplementeri olan mRNA zincirinin degradasyonuna yol açması ile sonuçlanan transkripsiyon sonrası gen susturma posttranscriptional gene silencing , ya da gen ifadesinin düzenlenmesi olarak tanımlanır. RNAi mekanizması sırasında, hedef mRNA’ya komplementer dizi, 500 kDa ağırlığında ve nükleaz aktiviteli bir RNA-multi protein kompleksi olan RISC faktörü aracılığı ile mRNA’nın anlamlı dizisine bağlanır ve gen susturulma mekanizması bu RISC faktörü aracılığı ile kontrol edilir. Gen susturulması mRNA’nın RISC faktöründe bulunan ‘Argounate’ proteinle etkileşime girmesi ve ‘Dicer’ enzimi tarafından tanınıp kesilmesi ile gerçekleşir. Bu mekanizma, genomun virüs kalıtım materyali ve transpozonlar gibi hareketli genetik elementlerin istilasından korunmasını sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleşen doğal bir işlemdir. RNAi mekanizması, ökaryot organizmalarda iki tür molekül tarafından gerçekleştirilir. Bu moleküller 22 nükleotid uzunluğunda miRNA micro RNA ve 2123 nükleotid uzunluğunda, çift zincirli siRNA small interfering RNA molekülleridir. Son yıllarda bilim dünyasının önde gelen konuları arasında yer alan RNAi araştırmaları ile çeşitli organizmalarda genlerin işlevlerini inceleme, işlevlerini bilmediğimiz genlerin fonksiyonlarını belirleme, konak patojen ilişkisi, üreme, programlanmış hücre ölümü, tümör oluşumu gibi birçok alanda bilgi sahibi olunmuştur. Ayrıca; bitkilerde kodlanmayan RNA’ların doku farklılaşması ve gelişiminin kontrolü, sinyal iletimi, fitohormonlarla etkileşim, abiyotik kuraklık, tuzluluk vb. ve biyotik patojenler vb. stres gibi çevresel etmenlere verilen cevaplarda rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Bu derleme çalışmasında RNAi mekanizmasının temelleri ve bitkilerde RNAi kullanımı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki, RNAi, miRNA, siRNA

RNA interference in plants

Abstract

RNA interference RNAi is defined as silencing of gene after transcription post-transcriptional gene silencing , when double stranded RNA dsRNA steps into the cell and cause degradation of endogenic complementary mRNA, or regulation of gene expression process. During RNA is mechanism, complementary sequence of target mRNA connects to sense strand of mRNA by factor of RISC. Gene silencing mechanism is controlled by RISC factor with a mass of 500 kDa which is RNA multi protein complex with nuclease activity. Silencing is occurred by cutting of mRNA, which is interacting with Argounate protein on RISC factor, with Dicer enzyme. This silencing mechanism is natural and takes a position in defending genome and biological function of organisms from invasion of movable genetic material such as viral hereditary material and transposons. RNAi mechanism realized with two kinds of molecules in eukaryotic organisms. These are miRNA microRNA which is 22 bp and siRNA small interfering RNA which is 21-23 bp. In recent years RNAi has become prominent research area in science world. Several information were achieved with researches of RNAi such as determining function of genes, host-pathogen interaction, reproduction, apoptosis programmed cell death and tumorgenesis etc. Also, determined with RNAi researchs that; non-coding RNA plays role in controlling of tissue development and differentiation, signal transduction, interaction with phytohormone, responses of abiotic drought, salinity etc. or biotic pathogens etc. stress. As a conclusion, this review will try to explain base of RNAi mechanism and usage in plants.

Keywords

• Plant, RNAi, miRNA, siRNA

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