Batı Nil Virüsü BNV ve Türkiye'de Batı Nil Virüsü'nün Güncel Durumu

Öz

Batı Nil virüsü BNV ilk kez 1937 yılında Uganda’da tanımlanmıştır. O günden bu yana dünyada yayılmaktadır. BNV, sivrisinek-kaynaklı çoğunlukla Culex bir insan patojeni olup Flaviviridae ailesinden Flavivirus cinsine aittir. BNV virüsü, tek zincirli bir RNA virüsüdür. BNV, doğal konakları olan vahşi kuşlardan sivrisinekler yoluyla bulaşmaktadır. Göçmen kuşlar BNV’nin coğrafik olarak yayılmasında rol oynamaktadır. Enzootik bulaşta, BNV birincil olarak sivrisinekler ve kuşlar arasında sirküle olmaktadır. BNV ile enfekte bir sivrisinek tarafından ısırılan insanlar, atlar ve diğer hayvanlar kör konaktır. İnsanlarda, 2-14 gün süren bir kuluçka dönemini klinik belirtiler izlemektedir. Hastalığın %80’i asemptomatik olarak seyretmektedir. %1’den daha az vakada, BNV ensefaliti ve ya menenjiti görülebilir. BNV 2 genetik soya ayrılabilir. Genetik soy 1- BNV lineage WNV 1 , Afrika, Avustralya, Asya ve Akdeniz havzasında endemik olarak bulunmaktadır. Genetik soy 2- BNV lineage WNV 2 , Sahra altı Afrika’da endemiktir. Avrupa’da BNV enfeksiyonları 1950’den beri tanımlanmaktadır. Dünyada son 20 yıldır, artmış oranda salgınlar gözlenmektedir. Refik Saydam Hıfzısıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı tarafından, Türkiye’de 2011 Ağustos ayının ikinci ve üçüncü haftalarında konfirme edilen üç vaka bildirilmiştir. Türkiye’den ilk kez 2010 yılında, 47 BNV olgusu bildirilmiştir. Ne yazık ki, BNV enfeksiyonunun özgül bir tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Günümüzde, insanlara yönelik aşısı da mevcut değildir ve hastalıktan korunma sivrisinek ile mücadeleye bağlıdır. Bu derlemede, Türkiye’den BNV ile ilgili bildirilerin ve çalışmaların bir araya getirilmesi ve BNV literatürünün güncel durumunun gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• batı nil virüsü, sivrisinek, culex, batı nil ateşi, Türkiye, epidemiyoloji

West Nile Virus WNV and Current Status of West Nile Virus in Turkey

Abstract

West Nile virus WNV was first identified in Uganda in 1937. Since then, it has spread around the world. WNV is mosquito-borne mainly of the genus Culex human pathogen and belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. The WNV is a single-stranded RNA virus. WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes with wild birds as its natural hosts. Migratory birds play a role in the geographic dispersion of WNV. During enzootic transmission, WNV circulates primarily between mosquitoes and birds. Mosquitoes with WNV bite and infect people, horses, and other animals, all of whom are “dead end” host. In humans, an incubation period of 2- 14 days precedes symptoms. Eighty percent of diseases are asymptomatic. In clinical cases, WNV is associated with febrile illness. In less than 1% of cases, WNV causes encephalitis or meningitis. The WNV can be classified into two lineages. Lineage 1 WNV strains have long been endemic in Africa, Australia, Asia and Mediterranean Basin. Lineage 2 WNV strains have been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Human WNV infection has been described in Europe since 1950. An increased number of outbreaks have been observed over the last twenty years on the world. Three cases were confirmed by Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, all of them were identified during the 2nd and 3rd week of August 2011 in Turkey. In 2010, 47 West Nile fever cases were reported for the first time in Turkey. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for WNV infection. Currently, there is no human vaccine against WNV and prevention of the diseases in humans is based on mosquito control. In this study, it was aimed to collect about WNV reports and studies from Turkey and reviewed to current status of WNV in the literature.

Keywords

• west nile virus, mosquito, culex, west nile fever, Turkey, epidemiology

References

1. 1. Rizzoli A, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Barzon L, Cordioli P, Figuerola J, Koraka P,et al. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. Euro Surveill, 2015 (a) May 21;20(20).
2. 2. Murray KO, Walker C, Gould E. The virology, epidemiology, and clinical impact of West Nile virus: A decade of advancements in resarch since its introduction into Western Hemisphere. Epidemiol. Infect, 2011; 139: 807-17.
3. 3. Smithburn K, Hughes T, Burke A. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med, 1940; 20: 471–92
4. 4. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis, 2005;11(8):1167-73.
5. 5. Paz S. Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2015; 5:370 (1665).
6. 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases – United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2013; 62( 25): 513–17.
7. 7. O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, et al. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2004; 4: 61-70.
8. 8. Johnson MG, Adams J, McDonald-Hamm C, Wendelboe A, Bradley KK. Seasonality and survival associated with three outbreak seasons of West Nile virus disease in Oklahoma-2003, 2007, and 2012. J Med Virol, 2015; 87 (10): 1633-40.

9. 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “West Nile virus statistics and maps,” 2013, http:// www.cdc.gov/westnile/stats-Maps/. (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2016)
10. 10. Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I. West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2004; 23 (3): 147-56.
11. 11. Magurano F, Remoli ME, Baggieri M, Fortuna C, Marchi A, Fiorentini C, et al.Circulation of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 during an outbreak in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2012; 18 (12): E545-7.
12. 12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, “Historical data,” 2013, http://ecdc. europa.eu/en/healthtopics/westnilefever/WestNile-fever maps/Pages/historical-data.aspx. (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2016)
13. 13. Kalaycioglu H, Korukluoglu G, Ozkul A, Oncul O, Tosun S, Karabay O, et al. Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011. Euro Surveill, 2012 May 24; 17 (21).
14. 14. Colpitts TM, Conway MJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E. West Nile Virus: biology, transmission, and human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2012; 25 (4): 635-48.
15. 15. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis, 1999; 5 (5): 643-50.
16. 16. Hayes EB, O’Leary DR. West Nile virus infection: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics, 2004; 113 (5): 1375-81.
17. 17. Rappole JH, Hubálek Z. Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J Appl Microbiol, 2003; 94 Suppl: 47S-58S.
18. 18. Blitvich BJ. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev, 2008; 1: 71-86.
19. 19. Rappole JH, Derrickson SR, Hubálek Z. Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Emerg Infect Dis, 2000; 6 (4): 319- 28.
20. 20. Muñoz J, Ruiz S, Soriguer R, Alcaide M, Viana DS, Roiz D, et al. Feeding patterns of potential West Nile virus vectors in south-west Spain. PLoS One, 2012; 7 (6): e39549.
21. 21. Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, et al. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2009; 80 (2): 268-78.
22. 22. Roiz D, Vazquez A, Rosà R, Muñoz J, Arnoldi D, Rosso F, et al. Blood meal analysis, flavivirus screening, and influence of meteorological variables on the dynamics of potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in northern Italy. J Vector Ecol, 2012; 37 (1): 20-8.
23. 23. Turell MJ, O’Guinn M and Oliver J. Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2000; 62: 413-414.
24. 24. Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Oguinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA. An update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol, 2005; 42 (1): 57-62.
25. 25. Balenghien T, Vazeille M, Grandadam M, Schaffner F, Zeller H, Reiter P,et al. Vector competence of some French Culex and Aedes mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2008;8(5):589-95.
26. 26. Rizzoli A, Bolzoni L, Chadwick EA, Capelli G, Montarsi F, Grisenti M, et al.Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence. Parasit Vectors, 2015(b)Apr 9;8:213.
27. 27. Andreadis TG. The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2012;28(4 Suppl):137-51.
28. 28. Ergunay K, Gunay F, Erisoz Kasap O, Oter K, Gargari S, Karaoglu T, et al. Serological, molecular and entomological surveillance demonstrates widespread circulation of West Nile virus in Turkey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014: 24;8(7):e3028.
29. 29. Gunay F, Alten B, Simsek F, Aldemir A, Linton YM. Barcoding Turkish Culex mosquitoes to facilitate arbovirus vector incrimination studies reveals hidden diversity and new potential vectors. Acta Trop, 2015;143:112-20.
30. 30. Kumari R, Kumar K, Rawat A, Singh G, Yadav NK, Chauhan LS. First indigenous transmission of Japanese Encephalitis in urban areas of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Trop Med Int Health, 2013;18(6):743-9.
31. 31. Monini M, Falcone E, Busani L, Romi R, Ruggeri FM. West nile virus: characteristics of an African virus adapting to the third millennium world. Open Virol J, 2010; 22(4):42-51.
32. 32. Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, Kerst AJ, Murri S, Meyer R, et al.Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. Virology, 2002; 298: 96–105.
33. 33. Sejvar JJ. West nile virus; an historical overview. Ochsner J, 2003; 5(3): 6-10.
34. 34. Murgue B, Murri S, Triki H. West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950–2000. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2001; 951: 117–126.
35. 35. Ciccozzi M, Peletto S, Cella E, Giovanetti M, Lai A, Gabanelli E, et al. Epidemiological history and phylogeography of West Nile virus lineage 2. Infect Genet Evol, 2013; 17: 46-50.
36. 36. Murray KO, Mertens E, Despres P. West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America. Vet Res, 2010; 41(6): 67.
37. 37. Bakonyi T, Hubálek Z, Rudolf I, Nowotny N. Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis, 2005;11(2):225-31.
38. 38. Chancey C, Grinev A, Volkova E, Rios M. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. Biomed Res Int, 2015:376230.
39. 39. May FJ, Davis CT, Tesh RB, Barrett AD. Phylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. J Virol, 2011;85(6):2964-74.
40. 40. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis, 2005; 11(8): 1174-9.
41. 41. Sambri V, Capobianchi M, Charrel R, Fyodorova M, Gaibani P, Gould E, et al. West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2013;19(8):699-704.
42. 42. Sambri V, Capobianchi MR, Cavrini F, Charrel R, Donoso-Mantke O, Escadafal C, et al. Diagnosis of West Nile Virus Human Infections: Overview and Proposal of Diagnostic Protocols Considering the Results of External Quality Assessment Studies. Viruses, 2013; 5(10): 2329-48.
43. 43. Gray TJ, Webb CE. A review of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of West Nile virus. Int J Gen Med, 2014; 11(7):193-203.
44. 44. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Sürveyans ve Kontrol Esasları Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete; 02.04.2011 – 27893. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2011/04/20110402-3.htm (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2016).
45. 45. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları Rehberi, 2015. http://mikrobiyoloji.thsk.saglik. gov.tr/Dosya/tani-rehberi/viroloji/UMS-V-MT-15- Bati-Nil-Virusu-enfeksiyonu.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2016).
46. 46. Rossini G, Carletti F, Bordi L, Cavrini F, Gaibani P, Landini MP, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virusisolates, Italy, 2008-2009. Emerg Infect Dis, 2011;17(5):903-6.
47. 47. Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Tobler LH, Kamel HT, Norris PJ, Walsh I, et al. Virus and antibody dynamics in acute west nile virus infection. J Infect Dis, 2008;198(7):984-93.
48. 48. Sánchez MD, Pierson TC, McAllister D, Hanna SL, Puffer BA,Valentine LE, et al. Characterization of neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus. Virology, 2005;336(1):70-82
49. 49. Tilley PA, Fox JD, Jayaraman GC, Preiksaitis JK. Nucleic acid testing for west nile virus RNA in plasma enhances rapid diagnosis of acute infection in symptomatic patients. J Infect Dis, 2006;193(10):1361-4.
50. 50. Pliego Zamora A, Edmonds JH, Reynolds MJ, Khromykh AA, Ralph SJ. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology, 2016;495:18-3.
51. 51. Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA, 2013;310(3):308- 15.
52. 52. Debboun M, Strickman D. Insect repellents and associated personal protection for a reduction in human disease. Med Vet Entomol, 2013;27(1):1-9.
53. 53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases – United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2013;62(25):513–17.
54. 54. Radda, A. Antibodies against group A and B Arboviruses in domestic animals from Turkey. EU Tip Fak Mec, 1971;10:227–30.
55. 55. Ari, A. Studies on activity and ecology of arboviruses in Turkey. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg, 1972; 32:134–43.
56. 56. Meço O. West Nile arbovirus antibodies with hemagglutinationinhibition (HI) in residents of Southeast Anatolia. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977;11:3-17.
57. 57. Serter D. Present status of arbovirus sero -epidemiology in the Aegean region of Turkey. Zbl Bakt S, 1980; (9):155-61.
58. 58. Ozkul A, Yildirim Y, Pinar D, Akcali A, Yilmaz V, Colak D. Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol infect, 2006; 134(4):826-9
59. 59. Ergunay K, Ozer N, Us D, Ozkul A, Simsek F, Kaynas S, Ustacelebi S. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in southeastern Turkey: first evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus infections. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2007; 7: 157-61.
60. 60. Sahiner F, Avcı IY, Bedir O, Koru O, Sener K, Yapar M, et al. Investigation of West Nile virus RNA in blood donors by real-time RT-PCR. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2012;46(3):464-9.
61. 61. Ayturan S, Aydoðan S, Ergünay K, Ozcebe OI, Us D. Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in Hacettepe University Hospital blood donors and confirmation of the positive results by plaque reduction neutralization test. Mikrobiyol Bul , 2011;45(1):113-24.
62. 62. Karakoç ZÇ, Tüzüner BM, Ergonul O, Pierro A, Di Fonzo E, Koruk İ, et al.West nile virus infection in the Mesopotamia region, Syria border of Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2013;13(10):739-43.
63. 63. Ergünay K, Saygan MB, Aydoğan S, Menemenlioğlu D, Turan HM, Ozkul A, et al. West Nile virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Central Anatolia, Turkey.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2010;10(8):771-5.
64. 64. Hızel K, Yenicesu I, Erdal B, Yeşilyurt E, Fidan I, Kalkancı A, et al.Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in healthy blood donors. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2010;44(3):425-30.
65. 65. Ozkul A, Ergunay K, Koysuren A, Alkan F, Arsava EM, Tezcan S, et al. Concurrent occurrence of human and equine West Nile virus infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses. Int J Infect Dis, 2013;17(7):546-51.
66. 66. Erdem H, Ergunay K, Yilmaz A, Naz H, Akata F, Inan AS, et al. Emergence and co-infections of West Nile virus and Toscana virus in Eastern Thrace, Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014;20(4):319-25.
67. 67. Yazici Z, Albayrak H, Ozan E, Gumusova S. The first investigation of west nile virus in horses using real time rt-PCR in middle black sea region in Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2012;6(2):151-5.
68. 68. Albayrak H, Ozan E. Seroepidemiological study of west nile virus and rift valley Fever virus in some of Mammalian species (herbivores) in northern Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2013;7(1):90-3.
69. 69. Ergunay K, Gunay F, Erisoz Kasap O, Oter K, Gargari S, Karaoglu T, et al. Serological, molecular and entomological surveillance demonstrates widespread circulation of West Nile virus in Turkey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014;8(7):3028.
70. 70. Biçeroğlu SU, Karatayli E, Bayram A, Turhan A, Değirmenci A, Aydinok Y,et al. Investigation of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors in the western part of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci, 2015;45(1):84-8.
71. 71. Toplu N, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Ural K, Albayrak H, Ozan E, Ertürk A, Epikmen ET. West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Detection by Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization, and ELISA. Vet Pathol, 2015;52(6):1073-6.
72. 72. Bakır E. Batı Nil Virüsü Varlığının Marmara Bölgesi Kan Donörlerinde Serolojik ve Moleküler Yöntemler İle Araştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji ABD, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul. 2015.