SPLENEKTOMİ, OPSI ve KORUNMA STRATEJİLERİ

Öz

Vücudun en büyük ikincil bağışıklık organı olan dalağın en önemli görevlerinden bir tanesi kan yoluyla taşınan antijenlere karşı immün cevabı başlatarak kanı yabancı maddelerden temizlemektir. Dalakta kapsüllü mikroorganizmalara saldıran makrofajlar ve erken IgM üretiminden sorumlu B-hücreleri ile birlikte bol miktarda lenfoid doku ve hücre bulunmaktadır. Dalağın yokluğunda, yeni karşılaşılan bir antijene karşı hızlı antikor üretimi bozulur ve bakteriler hızla çoğalır. Post-splenektomik enfeksiyon Overwhelming Post Splenectomy Infection, OPSI mortalitesi yüksek bir hastalıktır. OPSI’nın başlangıç semptomları grip benzeri hastalıklardaki gibi hafif bir seyir izlemesine rağmen, klinik seyir iki gün içinde hızla koma ve ölümle sonuçlanabilir. Dalağı alınmış hastalarda OPSI görülme olasılığı yüksektir ve hastalar bir ömür boyu risk altındadır. OPSI vakaları çoğunlukla Streptococcus pneumoniae S. pneumoniae , Neisseria meningitis N. meningitis ve Haemophilus influenzae H. influenzae kaynaklıdır. Bu yüzden splenektomi yapılmadan en az iki hafta önce, ya da acil splenektomi uygulanacağı durumlarda cerrahi operasyondan en fazla iki hafta sonra pnömokok, meningokok ve Hib aşılaması önerilmektedir. Zaman içerisinde aşılanan bireylerde antikor düzeyinin azalmasından ötürü, splenektomili bireylerin her beş yılda bir yeniden aşılanmaları tavsiye edilir. Öte yandan, OPSI’nın önlenmesinde antibiyotik kullanımının ve hasta eğitiminin de önemli bir yeri vardır. Hastaların OPSI riski ile ilgili bilgilendirilmeleri, özellikle yurt dışı ziyaretleri öncesinde doktorlarına danışmaları gerekmektedir. Bu kadar önemli olmasına rağmen, OPSI riskini azaltmaya yönelik hasta ve hekim eğitimi günümüzde yeterli düzeyde değildir. Bu yüzden, hekimlerin konuya daha duyarlı olmaları ve hastalarının takibini sağlamaları tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu derlememizde dalağı alınmış hastalarda OPSI’nın önlenmesi için kullanılan stratejilerin etkinliği, günümüz literatürü kapsamında, yaptığımız laboratuvar ve klinik çalışmalarını içerecek şekilde tartışılacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Splenektomi, OPSI, aşı, korunma

SPLENECTOMY, OPSI and PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Abstract

One of the most important functions of the spleen, which is the largest secondary immune system of the body, is to clear blood from foreign substances by initiating an immune response against antigens carried by blood. There are abundant amounts of lymphoid tissue and cells in spleen including macrophages attacking encapsulated microorganisms and B-cells responsible for early IgM production. In the absence of the spleen, rapid antibody production against a newly encountered antigen is impaired and the bacteria can multiply rapidly. Post-splenectomy infection OPSI is a highly mortal disease. Although the initial symptoms of OPSI follow a mild course as in flu-like illnesses, the clinical course can quickly lead to coma and death within two days. Splenectomized patients are susceptible to develop OPSI and possess the risk for lifetime. OPSI cases are mostly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae S. pneumoniae , Neisseria meningitis N. meningitis and Haemophilus influenzae H. influenzae . Therefore, pneumococcal, meningococcal and Hib vaccination is recommended at least two weeks prior to splenectomy treatment, or at most two weeks after surgery if emergency splenectomy is required. Since the antibody levels decrease in individuals vaccinated over time, splenectomy patients should be re-vaccinated for

Keywords

• Splenectomy, OPSI, vaccination, prevention

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