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Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler

Year 2001, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 97 - 118, 01.09.2001

Gözde Girgin Nurşen Başaran Gönül Şahin

Abstract

Mikotoksinler; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria ve Claviceps gibi mantar küf cinslerinin sekonder metabolizması sonucu oluşan, düşük molekül ağırlıklı, çok çeşitli kimyasal yapıya sahip doğal toksinlerdir. İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerinde güçlü ve çeşitli toksik etkiler oluşturmaktadırlar 1 . Mikotoksinleri üreten mantarlar rüzgar ve hava akımlarıyla taşınarak her yerde atmosferin çeşitli katmanları da dahil bulunabilirler 1,2 . Mikotoksin kontaminasyon düzeyi iklim koşullarına, ürünün cinsine ve coğafi konuma bağlı olarak mevsimden mevsime, yıldan yıla farklılık gösterebilir. Dünyadaki mahsüllerin dörtte birinin mikotoksin ile kontaminasyon riskinin olduğu bildirilmiştir 1 .

References

  • 1. Steyn PS, Stander MA. Mycotoxins with Special Reference to the Carcinogenic Mycotoxins: Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Fumonisins. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Syversen TLM, eds. General and Applied Toxicology. 2nd Edition. United Kingdom: Macmillan Reference Ltd, 1999: 2145-76.
  • 2. Concon JM. Mold and Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Products. In: Food Toxicology Part B: Contaminants and Additives. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1988: 677-770.
  • 3. Hendrickse RG. Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91 (7): 787-93.
  • 4. Mc Connell IR, Garner RC. DNA Adducts of Aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin and other mycotoxins. In: Hemminki K, Dipple A, Shuker DEG, Kadlubar FF, Segerbäck D, Bartsch H, eds. DNA Adducts: Identification and Biological Significance. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No.125, 1994: 49-55.
  • 5. Vidyasagar T, Sujatha N, Sashidhar RB. Determination of aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct in rat liver by enzyme immunoassay. Analyst 1997; 122: 609-13.
  • 6. Busby WF Jr, Wogan GN. Aflatoxins. In: Edwards F, ed. Chemical Carcinogens. York: Maple Press Co, 1984: 945-1136.
  • 7. Kussak A, Andersson B, Andersson K. Immunoaffinity column clean-up for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Q1 in urine. J Chromatogr B 1995; 672: 253-9.
  • 8. Simon P, Delsaut P, Lafontaine M, Morele Y, Nicot T. Automated column switching high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of aflatoxin M1. J Chromatogr B 1998; 712: 95-104.
  • 9. Guerre P, Burgat V, Galtier P. Dose-related increase in liver heme catabolism during rabbit aflatoxicosis. Toxicol Lett 1997; 92: 101-8.
  • 10. Watkins PB. Intestinal Drug Metabolism. European Society for Biochemical Pharmacology. 14th European Workshop on Drug Metabolism. July 3-8, 1994. Abstract Book P: 49.
  • 11. Poirier MC. DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risk [Abstract]. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105 (Suppl 4): 907-12.
  • 12. Tantaoi-Elaraki A, Beraoud L. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1994; 13 (1): 67-72.
  • 13. Mabrouk SS, El-Shayeb NM. Inhibition of aflatoksin formation by some spices. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1980; 171 (5): 344-7.
  • 14. Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ. Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenecity of aflatoxin B1 in rats by low levels of the phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Cancer Lett 1996; 104 (1): 49-53.
  • 15. Allameh A. Comparison of the effect of low- and high-dose dietary butylated hydroxytoluene on microsomemediated aflatoxin B1-DNA binding. Cancer Lett 1997; 114 (1-2): 217-20.
  • 16. Galvano F, Pietri A, Bertuzzi T, Piva A, Chies L, Galvano M. Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorbtion ability to physicochemical parameters. J Food Prot 1998; 61 (4): 469-75.
  • 17. Edrington TS, Sarr AB, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Philips TD. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), acidic HSCAS, and activated charcoal reduce urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 in turkey poults. Lack of effect by activated charcoal on aflatoxicosis. Toxicol Lett 1996; 89: 115-22.
  • 18. Josephs RD, Krska R, Grasserbauer M, Broekaert JAC. Determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat by use of supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection or gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1998; 795: 297-304.
  • 19. Berger U, Oehme M, Kuhn F. Quantitative determination and structure elucidation of type A- and B- trichothecenes by HPLC/ ion trap multiple mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 4240-5.
  • 20. Hsueh C-C, Liu Y, Freund MS. Indirect electrochemical detection of type-B trichothecene mycotoxins. Anal Chem 1999; 71; 4075-80.
  • 21. Razzazi-Fazeli E, Böhm J, Luf W. Determination of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in wheat using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. J Chromatogr A 1999; 854: 45-55.
  • 22. Cahill LM, Kruger SC, McAlice BT, Ramsey CS, Prioli R, Kohn B. Quantification of deoxynivalenol in wheat using immunoaffinity column and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 859: 23-8.
  • 23. Smith JS, Thakur RA. Occurance and fate of fumonisins in beef. In: Jackson L, ed. Fumonisins in Food. New York: Plenum Press, 1996: 39-55.
  • 24. Tseng T-C, Liu C-Y. Natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in domestic maize of Taiwan. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 4799-4801.
  • 25. Solfrizzo M, Avantaggiato G, Visconti A. Rapid method to determine sphinganine/sphingosine in human and animal urine as a biomarker for fumonisin exposure. J Chromatogr B 1997; 692: 87-93.
  • 26. Wang E, Riley RT, Meredith FI, Merrill Jr AH. Fumonisin B1 consumption by rats causes reversible, dosedependent increases in urinary sphinganine and sphingosine. J Nutr 1999;129(1): 214-20.
  • 27. Shephard GS, Snijman PW. Elimination and excretion of a single dose of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 in a non-human primate. Food Chem Tox 1999; 37: 111-6.
  • 28. Lau BP-Y, Scott Pm, Lewis DA, Kanhere SR. Quantitative determination of ochratoxin A by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2000; 25: 23-32.
  • 29. McMasters DR, Vedani A. Ochratoxin binding to phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase: Computational Approach to the mechanism of ochratoxicosis and its antagonism. J Med Chem 1999; 42: 3075-86.
  • 30. Ruprich J, Ostry´ V. Study of human exposure to ochratoxin A and assessment of possible sources. Cent Eur J Public Health 1 1993; 46-8.
  • 31. Bruinink A, Sidler C. The neurotoxic effects of ochratoxin A are reduced by protein binding but are not affected by l-phenylalanine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 146: 173-9.
  • 32. Petzinger E, Ziegler K. Ochratoxin A from a toxicological perspective. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2000; 23: 91-8.
  • 33. De Saeger S, Van Peteghem C. Flow-through membrane-based enzyme immunoassay for rapid detection of ochratoxin A in wheat. J Food Prot 1999; 62 (1): 65-9.
  • 34. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1991; 806: 29-31.
  • 35. Omar RF, Rahimtula AD, Bartsch H. Role of cytochrome P-450 in ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation. J Biochem Toxicol 1991; 6(3): 203-9.
  • 36. Omar RF, Hasinoff BB, Mejilla F, Rahimtula AD. Mechanism of ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40(6): 1183.
  • 37. Baudrimont I, Ahouandjivo R, Creppy EE. Prevention of lipid peroxidation induced by ochratoxin A in Vero cells in culture by several agents. Chem-Biol Interact 1997; 104(1): 29.
  • 38. Aleo MD, Wyatt RD, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event ochratoxin A but not oosporein toxicity to rat renal proximal tubules. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 107(1): 73-80.
  • 39. Seegers JC, Lottering M-L, Garlinski PJ. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A causes apoptosis-associated DNA degradation in human lymphocytes. Med Sci Res 1994; 22: 417.
  • 40. Neal GE. Genetic implications in the metabolism and toxicity of mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 861-7.
  • 41. De GroeneEM, Hassing GIA, Blom MJ, Seinen W, Fink-Gremmels J, Horbach GJ. Development of human cytochrome P450 expressing cell lines: application in mutagenicity testing of ochratoxin A. Cancer Res 1996; 56(2): 299-304.
  • 42. Creppy EE, Boudrimont I, Betbeder AM. Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 869-77.
  • 43. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995; 859: 36-8.
  • 44. Beretta B, Gaiaschi A, Galli CL, Restani P. Patulin in apple-based foods: Occurrence and safety evaluation. Food Addit Contam 2000; 17 (5): 399-406.
  • 45. Gökmen V, Acar L. Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice. J Chromatogr A 1996; 730: 53-8.
  • 46. Rychlik M, Schieberle P. Quantification of the mycotoxin patulin by a stable isotope dilution assay. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 3749-55.
  • 47. Verger P, Garnier-Sagne I, Leblanc J-C. Identification of risk groups for intake of food chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999; 30(2 Pt 2): 103-8.
  • 48. Gökmen V, Acar J. Incidence of patulin in apple juice concentrates produced in Turkey. J Chromatogr A 1998; 815: 99-102.
  • 49. Zöllner P, Jodlbauer J, Lindler W. Determination of zearalenone in grains by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns. J Chromatogr A 1999; 858: 167-74.
  • 50. Jiménez M, Mateo R. Determination of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium isolates from banana fruits by capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997; 778: 363-72.
  • 51. Demain AL. Pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999; 52: 455-63

Mycotoxins In Turkey And The World

Year 2001, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 97 - 118, 01.09.2001

Gözde Girgin Nurşen Başaran Gönül Şahin

Abstract

References

  • 1. Steyn PS, Stander MA. Mycotoxins with Special Reference to the Carcinogenic Mycotoxins: Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Fumonisins. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Syversen TLM, eds. General and Applied Toxicology. 2nd Edition. United Kingdom: Macmillan Reference Ltd, 1999: 2145-76.
  • 2. Concon JM. Mold and Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Products. In: Food Toxicology Part B: Contaminants and Additives. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1988: 677-770.
  • 3. Hendrickse RG. Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91 (7): 787-93.
  • 4. Mc Connell IR, Garner RC. DNA Adducts of Aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin and other mycotoxins. In: Hemminki K, Dipple A, Shuker DEG, Kadlubar FF, Segerbäck D, Bartsch H, eds. DNA Adducts: Identification and Biological Significance. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No.125, 1994: 49-55.
  • 5. Vidyasagar T, Sujatha N, Sashidhar RB. Determination of aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct in rat liver by enzyme immunoassay. Analyst 1997; 122: 609-13.
  • 6. Busby WF Jr, Wogan GN. Aflatoxins. In: Edwards F, ed. Chemical Carcinogens. York: Maple Press Co, 1984: 945-1136.
  • 7. Kussak A, Andersson B, Andersson K. Immunoaffinity column clean-up for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Q1 in urine. J Chromatogr B 1995; 672: 253-9.
  • 8. Simon P, Delsaut P, Lafontaine M, Morele Y, Nicot T. Automated column switching high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of aflatoxin M1. J Chromatogr B 1998; 712: 95-104.
  • 9. Guerre P, Burgat V, Galtier P. Dose-related increase in liver heme catabolism during rabbit aflatoxicosis. Toxicol Lett 1997; 92: 101-8.
  • 10. Watkins PB. Intestinal Drug Metabolism. European Society for Biochemical Pharmacology. 14th European Workshop on Drug Metabolism. July 3-8, 1994. Abstract Book P: 49.
  • 11. Poirier MC. DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risk [Abstract]. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105 (Suppl 4): 907-12.
  • 12. Tantaoi-Elaraki A, Beraoud L. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1994; 13 (1): 67-72.
  • 13. Mabrouk SS, El-Shayeb NM. Inhibition of aflatoksin formation by some spices. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1980; 171 (5): 344-7.
  • 14. Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ. Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenecity of aflatoxin B1 in rats by low levels of the phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Cancer Lett 1996; 104 (1): 49-53.
  • 15. Allameh A. Comparison of the effect of low- and high-dose dietary butylated hydroxytoluene on microsomemediated aflatoxin B1-DNA binding. Cancer Lett 1997; 114 (1-2): 217-20.
  • 16. Galvano F, Pietri A, Bertuzzi T, Piva A, Chies L, Galvano M. Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorbtion ability to physicochemical parameters. J Food Prot 1998; 61 (4): 469-75.
  • 17. Edrington TS, Sarr AB, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Philips TD. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), acidic HSCAS, and activated charcoal reduce urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 in turkey poults. Lack of effect by activated charcoal on aflatoxicosis. Toxicol Lett 1996; 89: 115-22.
  • 18. Josephs RD, Krska R, Grasserbauer M, Broekaert JAC. Determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat by use of supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection or gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1998; 795: 297-304.
  • 19. Berger U, Oehme M, Kuhn F. Quantitative determination and structure elucidation of type A- and B- trichothecenes by HPLC/ ion trap multiple mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 4240-5.
  • 20. Hsueh C-C, Liu Y, Freund MS. Indirect electrochemical detection of type-B trichothecene mycotoxins. Anal Chem 1999; 71; 4075-80.
  • 21. Razzazi-Fazeli E, Böhm J, Luf W. Determination of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in wheat using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. J Chromatogr A 1999; 854: 45-55.
  • 22. Cahill LM, Kruger SC, McAlice BT, Ramsey CS, Prioli R, Kohn B. Quantification of deoxynivalenol in wheat using immunoaffinity column and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 859: 23-8.
  • 23. Smith JS, Thakur RA. Occurance and fate of fumonisins in beef. In: Jackson L, ed. Fumonisins in Food. New York: Plenum Press, 1996: 39-55.
  • 24. Tseng T-C, Liu C-Y. Natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in domestic maize of Taiwan. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 4799-4801.
  • 25. Solfrizzo M, Avantaggiato G, Visconti A. Rapid method to determine sphinganine/sphingosine in human and animal urine as a biomarker for fumonisin exposure. J Chromatogr B 1997; 692: 87-93.
  • 26. Wang E, Riley RT, Meredith FI, Merrill Jr AH. Fumonisin B1 consumption by rats causes reversible, dosedependent increases in urinary sphinganine and sphingosine. J Nutr 1999;129(1): 214-20.
  • 27. Shephard GS, Snijman PW. Elimination and excretion of a single dose of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 in a non-human primate. Food Chem Tox 1999; 37: 111-6.
  • 28. Lau BP-Y, Scott Pm, Lewis DA, Kanhere SR. Quantitative determination of ochratoxin A by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2000; 25: 23-32.
  • 29. McMasters DR, Vedani A. Ochratoxin binding to phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase: Computational Approach to the mechanism of ochratoxicosis and its antagonism. J Med Chem 1999; 42: 3075-86.
  • 30. Ruprich J, Ostry´ V. Study of human exposure to ochratoxin A and assessment of possible sources. Cent Eur J Public Health 1 1993; 46-8.
  • 31. Bruinink A, Sidler C. The neurotoxic effects of ochratoxin A are reduced by protein binding but are not affected by l-phenylalanine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 146: 173-9.
  • 32. Petzinger E, Ziegler K. Ochratoxin A from a toxicological perspective. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2000; 23: 91-8.
  • 33. De Saeger S, Van Peteghem C. Flow-through membrane-based enzyme immunoassay for rapid detection of ochratoxin A in wheat. J Food Prot 1999; 62 (1): 65-9.
  • 34. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1991; 806: 29-31.
  • 35. Omar RF, Rahimtula AD, Bartsch H. Role of cytochrome P-450 in ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation. J Biochem Toxicol 1991; 6(3): 203-9.
  • 36. Omar RF, Hasinoff BB, Mejilla F, Rahimtula AD. Mechanism of ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40(6): 1183.
  • 37. Baudrimont I, Ahouandjivo R, Creppy EE. Prevention of lipid peroxidation induced by ochratoxin A in Vero cells in culture by several agents. Chem-Biol Interact 1997; 104(1): 29.
  • 38. Aleo MD, Wyatt RD, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event ochratoxin A but not oosporein toxicity to rat renal proximal tubules. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 107(1): 73-80.
  • 39. Seegers JC, Lottering M-L, Garlinski PJ. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A causes apoptosis-associated DNA degradation in human lymphocytes. Med Sci Res 1994; 22: 417.
  • 40. Neal GE. Genetic implications in the metabolism and toxicity of mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 861-7.
  • 41. De GroeneEM, Hassing GIA, Blom MJ, Seinen W, Fink-Gremmels J, Horbach GJ. Development of human cytochrome P450 expressing cell lines: application in mutagenicity testing of ochratoxin A. Cancer Res 1996; 56(2): 299-304.
  • 42. Creppy EE, Boudrimont I, Betbeder AM. Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 869-77.
  • 43. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995; 859: 36-8.
  • 44. Beretta B, Gaiaschi A, Galli CL, Restani P. Patulin in apple-based foods: Occurrence and safety evaluation. Food Addit Contam 2000; 17 (5): 399-406.
  • 45. Gökmen V, Acar L. Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice. J Chromatogr A 1996; 730: 53-8.
  • 46. Rychlik M, Schieberle P. Quantification of the mycotoxin patulin by a stable isotope dilution assay. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 3749-55.
  • 47. Verger P, Garnier-Sagne I, Leblanc J-C. Identification of risk groups for intake of food chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999; 30(2 Pt 2): 103-8.
  • 48. Gökmen V, Acar J. Incidence of patulin in apple juice concentrates produced in Turkey. J Chromatogr A 1998; 815: 99-102.
  • 49. Zöllner P, Jodlbauer J, Lindler W. Determination of zearalenone in grains by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns. J Chromatogr A 1999; 858: 167-74.
  • 50. Jiménez M, Mateo R. Determination of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium isolates from banana fruits by capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997; 778: 363-72.
  • 51. Demain AL. Pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999; 52: 455-63
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Gözde Girgin This is me

Nurşen Başaran This is me

Gönül Şahin This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2001
Published in Issue Year 2001 Volume: 58 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Girgin, G., Başaran, N., & Şahin, G. (2001). Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 58(3), 97-118.
AMA Girgin G, Başaran N, Şahin G. Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. September 2001;58(3):97-118.
Chicago Girgin, Gözde, Nurşen Başaran, and Gönül Şahin. “Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 58, no. 3 (September 2001): 97-118.
EndNote Girgin G, Başaran N, Şahin G (September 1, 2001) Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 58 3 97–118.
IEEE G. Girgin, N. Başaran, and G. Şahin, “Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 97–118, 2001.
ISNAD Girgin, Gözde et al. “Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 58/3 (September 2001), 97-118.
JAMA Girgin G, Başaran N, Şahin G. Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2001;58:97–118.
MLA Girgin, Gözde et al. “Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 58, no. 3, 2001, pp. 97-118.
Vancouver Girgin G, Başaran N, Şahin G. Dünyada Ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sağlığını Tehdit Eden Mikotoksinler. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2001;58(3):97-118.