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Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm

Year 2006, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 01.04.2006

Abstract

Eylül 2001 tarihinde ABD’deki terörist saldırıdan sonra, tüm dünyada dikkatler biyolojik savaş ajanlarına ve biyoterörizm üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Biyolojik savaş veya biyoterörizm, mikroorganizmalar ve mikrobiyal, bitkisel veya hayvansal kökenli toksinlerin insan, hayvan ve bitkilerde hastalık oluşturmak ve ölüme neden olarak toplumda panik ve afet yaratmak amacıyla kasıtlı kullanımıdır. Biyolojik savaş ajanlarının terörist saldırılarda kullanılması, bu ajanların kolay elde edilebilmeleri ve düşük maliyetle büyük miktarlarda üretilebilmeleri, genel güvenlik sistemlerince saptanamamaları ve kolayca taşınabilmelerine bağlanabilir. Bu derlemede, biyolojik savaş ve biyoterörizm kavramları, biyolojik silah ajanlarının özellikleri, tarih içerisindeki gelişimi, uluslararası konvansiyonlar, kullanılan ajanların özellikleri ve biyolojik saldırı durumunda epidemiyolojik yaklaşım ve biyolojik savunmanın bileşenleri irdelenmiştir.

References

  • 1 . Lietenberg M. Biological weapons in the twentieth century: a review and analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27(4): 267-320.
  • 2. Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Eds. Geissler E, Haynes RH. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1991.
  • 3. Kortepeter MG, Parker GW. Potential biological weapons threats. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5: 523-7.
  • 4. Dolev E: Bioterrorism and how to cope with it. Clin. Dermatol. 2002; 20: 343-5.
  • 5. Hillemann MR. Overwiew: cause and prevention in biowarfare and bioterrorism. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3055-67.
  • 6. Spencer RC, Wilcox MH. Agents of biological warfare. Rev Med Microbiol 1993; 4: 138-43.
  • 7 . Von LubitzKJE Dag. Bioterrorism:FieldGuidetoDisease Identification and InitialPatient Management.Taylor &Francis 2 0 0 5 .
  • 8. Alibek K, Handelman S. Biohazard. Random House, New York, USA. 1999.
  • 9. Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance. 2004
  • 10. USAMRIID’s Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare.ed. Eds: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR. Borden Institute, Washington D.C 1997: 415-66.
  • 1 1 . Anonymous. Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR. 2000; 49: RR-4
  • 12. USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Causalties Handbook.4rd ed. 2001.
  • 13. Bellamy RJ, Freedman AR. Bioterrorism. Q J Med 2001; 94: 227-34.
  • 14. Atlas RA. Bioterrorism before and after September 11. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 4: 355–79.
  • 15. Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 1999; 283: 1279–82.
  • 16. Atlas RM. The medical threat of biological weapons. Critical Rev Microbiol 1998; 3: 157-68.
  • 17. Spencer RC, Lightfood NF. Preparedness and Response to Bioterrorism. J Infect 2001; 43: 104-10.
  • 18. Burrows WD, Renner SE. Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 December; 107(12): 975–84.
  • 19. Storch GA. Respiratory System. In: Scjaechter M, Medoff G, Eisentein BL eds. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease. 2nd ed.Williams &Wilkins 1993: 675-95.
  • 20. http://www.3m.com/us/home_leisure/filtrete/anthrax_qa.pdf. Erişim: 19 Aralık 2006.
  • 2 1 . Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections. Ed: Madeline Drexler. Joseph Henry Press Washington, D.C 2002.
  • 22. Khan AS, Morse S, Lillebridge S. Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. The Lancet 2000; 356: 1179-82.
  • 23. Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis, 1998; 4: 488-92.
  • 24. Mayor A. Dirty tricks in ancient warfare. Quarter J Mil His 1997: 32-37.
  • 25. Wheelis M. A short history of biological warfare and weapons. Eds: Chevrier MJ, Chomiczewski K, Dando MR, Garrique H, Granasztoi G, Pearson GS. The implementation of legally binding measures to strengthen the biological and toxin weapons convention. Springer Netherlands, 2004: 15-31.
  • 26. Roffey R, Tegnell A, Elgh F. Biological warfare in a historical perpective. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 450-4.
  • 2 7 . Christopher GW, Chieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM. Biological warfare, a historical perpective. JAMA 1997; 2 7 8 : 4 1 2 - 7 .
  • 2 8 . Derbes VJ. De Mussis and the great plague of 1348: a forgotten episode of bacteriological war. JAMA 1996; 196: 5 9 – 6 2 .
  • 29. Frischknecht F. The history of biological warfare. EMBO Rep. 2003; 4(Supp1): 47–52.
  • 30. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Barlett JG et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon. JAMA 1999; 281: 2127-37.
  • 31. Durham B. The background and history of manmade disasters.Top Emerg Med 2002; 24: 1-14.
  • 32. Koneman EW, Allen SA, Janda JM, Schreckenberger PC,WinnWC. The Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli. Color Atlas and Texbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 5th ed. , Lippincott Raven Pub. Philadelphia: USA ,1997: 651-64.
  • 33. Harris S. Japanese biological warfare research on humans: a case study of microbiology and ethics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 666: 21-52.
  • 3 4 . Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994; 266: 1 2 0 2 – 8 .
  • 35. Kadlec RP, Zelicoff AP, Vrtis AM. Biological weapons control. Prospects and implications for the future. JAMA 1997; 278: 351–6
  • 36. Zalinskas RA. Iraq's biological weapons. The past as future?. JAMA 1997; 278: 418–24.
  • 37. http://www.sipri.se/pubs/Factsheet/unscom.html. Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative. SIPRI fact sheet. Iraq: the UNSCOM experience.
  • 38. Anonymous. Deliberate spreading of typhoid in Japan. Science J 1966; 2: 11–2.
  • 39. Simon JD. Biological terrorism. Preparing to meet the threat. JAMA 1997; 278: 428-30.
  • 40. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP et al. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA1997; 278: 389–95.
  • 4 1 . HendersonA, InglesbyV, O’Toole T.Bioterrorism Guidelines for Medical andPublic Health Management. ASM press 2002.
  • 42. Ahmad K, Dil AS,Kazi BM, Us-Saba N, Ansari J,Nomani K. Pakistan's experience of a bioterrorism-related anthrax scare. East Mediterr Health J. 2004; 10(1-2): 19-26.
  • 43. Fidler DP. Facing to global challenges posed by biological weapons. Microbes Infect 1999; 1: 1059-66.
  • 4 4 . Report of WHO Group of Consultants. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva 1970, WHO.
  • 45. Hamburg MA. Bioterrorism: responding to an emerging threat. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20: 296-8.
  • 4 6 . Tegnell A, Wahren B, Elgh F. Smallpox-eradicated but a growing terror threat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8 : 5 0 4 - 9 .
  • 47. Berche P. The threat of smallpox and bioterrorism. Trends in Microbiology 2001; 1: 15-18.
  • 4 8 . Stephenson J. Confronting a biological Armageddon: experts tackle prospect of bioterrorism. JAMA1997; 276: 3 4 9 – 5 1 .
  • 4 9 . Wein LM, Craft DL, Kaplan EH. Emergency response to an anthrax attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003; 1 0 0 : 4 3 4 6 – 5 1 .
  • 50. Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schnid GP. The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: Are prevention and past attack intervention programs justifiable?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997; 3: 83-94.
  • 51. Pavlin JA. Epidemiology of Bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 4: 528-30.
  • 52. McDade JE, Franz D. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 4: 493-4.
  • 53. Khan AS, Lewitt AM, Sage MJ et al. Biological and Chemical terrorism: Strategic plan for preparedness and response recommendations of the CDC Strategic planning Group. MMWR 2000; 49: 1-14.
  • 5 4 . Keim M, Kaufmann AF. Principles for emergency response to bioterrorism. Annals Emerg Med 1999; 34 (2): 177-82.
  • 55. Russell PK. Vaccines in Civilian Defense Against Bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 4: 530-4.
  • 56. Eitzen EM. Education is the key to defence against bioterrorism. Annals Emerg Med 1999; 34 (2): 221-3.

Biological Weapons And Bioterrorism

Year 2006, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 01.04.2006

Abstract

Since the terrorist attack on the United States in September 2001, attention has been focused on the threat ofbiological warfare and bioterrorism all over the world. Biological warfare or biological terrorism is the intentional useof microorganisms, and toxins, generally of microbial, plant or animal origin to produce disease and death in humans,livestock and crops, leading to disaster and panic in the community. The attraction of biological warfare agents foruse in terroristic attacks is attributed to easy access to a wide range of disease-producing biological agents, to theirlow production costs, to their non-detection by routine security systems, and to their easy transportation from oneplace to another. This review examines concept and history of biological war and bioterrorism, internationalconventions, agents of bioterrorism and their specifications, epidemiology of bioterrorist threat, and components ofbiological defence

References

  • 1 . Lietenberg M. Biological weapons in the twentieth century: a review and analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27(4): 267-320.
  • 2. Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Eds. Geissler E, Haynes RH. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1991.
  • 3. Kortepeter MG, Parker GW. Potential biological weapons threats. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5: 523-7.
  • 4. Dolev E: Bioterrorism and how to cope with it. Clin. Dermatol. 2002; 20: 343-5.
  • 5. Hillemann MR. Overwiew: cause and prevention in biowarfare and bioterrorism. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3055-67.
  • 6. Spencer RC, Wilcox MH. Agents of biological warfare. Rev Med Microbiol 1993; 4: 138-43.
  • 7 . Von LubitzKJE Dag. Bioterrorism:FieldGuidetoDisease Identification and InitialPatient Management.Taylor &Francis 2 0 0 5 .
  • 8. Alibek K, Handelman S. Biohazard. Random House, New York, USA. 1999.
  • 9. Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance. 2004
  • 10. USAMRIID’s Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare.ed. Eds: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR. Borden Institute, Washington D.C 1997: 415-66.
  • 1 1 . Anonymous. Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR. 2000; 49: RR-4
  • 12. USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Causalties Handbook.4rd ed. 2001.
  • 13. Bellamy RJ, Freedman AR. Bioterrorism. Q J Med 2001; 94: 227-34.
  • 14. Atlas RA. Bioterrorism before and after September 11. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 4: 355–79.
  • 15. Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 1999; 283: 1279–82.
  • 16. Atlas RM. The medical threat of biological weapons. Critical Rev Microbiol 1998; 3: 157-68.
  • 17. Spencer RC, Lightfood NF. Preparedness and Response to Bioterrorism. J Infect 2001; 43: 104-10.
  • 18. Burrows WD, Renner SE. Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 December; 107(12): 975–84.
  • 19. Storch GA. Respiratory System. In: Scjaechter M, Medoff G, Eisentein BL eds. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease. 2nd ed.Williams &Wilkins 1993: 675-95.
  • 20. http://www.3m.com/us/home_leisure/filtrete/anthrax_qa.pdf. Erişim: 19 Aralık 2006.
  • 2 1 . Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections. Ed: Madeline Drexler. Joseph Henry Press Washington, D.C 2002.
  • 22. Khan AS, Morse S, Lillebridge S. Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. The Lancet 2000; 356: 1179-82.
  • 23. Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis, 1998; 4: 488-92.
  • 24. Mayor A. Dirty tricks in ancient warfare. Quarter J Mil His 1997: 32-37.
  • 25. Wheelis M. A short history of biological warfare and weapons. Eds: Chevrier MJ, Chomiczewski K, Dando MR, Garrique H, Granasztoi G, Pearson GS. The implementation of legally binding measures to strengthen the biological and toxin weapons convention. Springer Netherlands, 2004: 15-31.
  • 26. Roffey R, Tegnell A, Elgh F. Biological warfare in a historical perpective. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 450-4.
  • 2 7 . Christopher GW, Chieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM. Biological warfare, a historical perpective. JAMA 1997; 2 7 8 : 4 1 2 - 7 .
  • 2 8 . Derbes VJ. De Mussis and the great plague of 1348: a forgotten episode of bacteriological war. JAMA 1996; 196: 5 9 – 6 2 .
  • 29. Frischknecht F. The history of biological warfare. EMBO Rep. 2003; 4(Supp1): 47–52.
  • 30. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Barlett JG et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon. JAMA 1999; 281: 2127-37.
  • 31. Durham B. The background and history of manmade disasters.Top Emerg Med 2002; 24: 1-14.
  • 32. Koneman EW, Allen SA, Janda JM, Schreckenberger PC,WinnWC. The Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli. Color Atlas and Texbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 5th ed. , Lippincott Raven Pub. Philadelphia: USA ,1997: 651-64.
  • 33. Harris S. Japanese biological warfare research on humans: a case study of microbiology and ethics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 666: 21-52.
  • 3 4 . Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994; 266: 1 2 0 2 – 8 .
  • 35. Kadlec RP, Zelicoff AP, Vrtis AM. Biological weapons control. Prospects and implications for the future. JAMA 1997; 278: 351–6
  • 36. Zalinskas RA. Iraq's biological weapons. The past as future?. JAMA 1997; 278: 418–24.
  • 37. http://www.sipri.se/pubs/Factsheet/unscom.html. Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative. SIPRI fact sheet. Iraq: the UNSCOM experience.
  • 38. Anonymous. Deliberate spreading of typhoid in Japan. Science J 1966; 2: 11–2.
  • 39. Simon JD. Biological terrorism. Preparing to meet the threat. JAMA 1997; 278: 428-30.
  • 40. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP et al. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA1997; 278: 389–95.
  • 4 1 . HendersonA, InglesbyV, O’Toole T.Bioterrorism Guidelines for Medical andPublic Health Management. ASM press 2002.
  • 42. Ahmad K, Dil AS,Kazi BM, Us-Saba N, Ansari J,Nomani K. Pakistan's experience of a bioterrorism-related anthrax scare. East Mediterr Health J. 2004; 10(1-2): 19-26.
  • 43. Fidler DP. Facing to global challenges posed by biological weapons. Microbes Infect 1999; 1: 1059-66.
  • 4 4 . Report of WHO Group of Consultants. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva 1970, WHO.
  • 45. Hamburg MA. Bioterrorism: responding to an emerging threat. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20: 296-8.
  • 4 6 . Tegnell A, Wahren B, Elgh F. Smallpox-eradicated but a growing terror threat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8 : 5 0 4 - 9 .
  • 47. Berche P. The threat of smallpox and bioterrorism. Trends in Microbiology 2001; 1: 15-18.
  • 4 8 . Stephenson J. Confronting a biological Armageddon: experts tackle prospect of bioterrorism. JAMA1997; 276: 3 4 9 – 5 1 .
  • 4 9 . Wein LM, Craft DL, Kaplan EH. Emergency response to an anthrax attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003; 1 0 0 : 4 3 4 6 – 5 1 .
  • 50. Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schnid GP. The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: Are prevention and past attack intervention programs justifiable?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997; 3: 83-94.
  • 51. Pavlin JA. Epidemiology of Bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 4: 528-30.
  • 52. McDade JE, Franz D. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 4: 493-4.
  • 53. Khan AS, Lewitt AM, Sage MJ et al. Biological and Chemical terrorism: Strategic plan for preparedness and response recommendations of the CDC Strategic planning Group. MMWR 2000; 49: 1-14.
  • 5 4 . Keim M, Kaufmann AF. Principles for emergency response to bioterrorism. Annals Emerg Med 1999; 34 (2): 177-82.
  • 55. Russell PK. Vaccines in Civilian Defense Against Bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 4: 530-4.
  • 56. Eitzen EM. Education is the key to defence against bioterrorism. Annals Emerg Med 1999; 34 (2): 221-3.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Selçuk Kılıç This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2006
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 63 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kılıç, S. (2006). Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 63(1), 1-20.
AMA Kılıç S. Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. April 2006;63(1):1-20.
Chicago Kılıç, Selçuk. “Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63, no. 1 (April 2006): 1-20.
EndNote Kılıç S (April 1, 2006) Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63 1 1–20.
IEEE S. Kılıç, “Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2006.
ISNAD Kılıç, Selçuk. “Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63/1 (April 2006), 1-20.
JAMA Kılıç S. Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2006;63:1–20.
MLA Kılıç, Selçuk. “Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 63, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-20.
Vancouver Kılıç S. Biyolojik Silahlar Ve Biyoterörizm. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2006;63(1):1-20.