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BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar”

Year 2006, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 21 - 46, 01.04.2006

Abstract

Ölümcül, kolayca elde edilebilen ve düşük maliyet ile büyük miktarlarda üretilebilen, aerosol formda stabil olan,kolayca geniş alanlara yayılabilen ve insandan insana bulaşan bakteriyel patojenler biyolojik savaş veyabiyoterörizm ajanı olarak kullanılabilirler. Biyolojik silah ajanları yayılım özellikleri ve oluşturdukları hastalıktablosunun şiddeti ve ölüme bağlı olarak CDC tarafından üç kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Şarbon, veba ve tularemi etkeniolan bakteriler aerosol yolla şiddetli akciğer enfeksiyonuna neden olarak çoğunlukla ölümcül seyreden hastalıktablosu oluşturdukları için en yüksek risk grubu olarak tanımlanan Kategori A’da yer almaktadırlar. Bu derlemedeKategori A’da yer alan bu bakteriyel ajanların mikrobiyolojik özellikleri, biyolojik silah potansiyeleri, oluşturduklarıklinik belirtiler, tanı, korunma ve tedavileri gözden geçirilmiştir

References

  • 1. Von Lubitz KJE Dag. Bioterrorism: Field Guide to Disease Identification and Initial Patient Management. Taylor & Francis 2005.
  • 2 . Anonymous. Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR. 2000; 49: RR-4.
  • 3. Henderson A, Inglesby V, O’Toole T. Bioterrorism Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Management. VA, USA: ASM press, 2002.
  • 4. Zoonoses. Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. Eds: Kraus H et al. 3rd ed. VA, USA: ASM press, 2003.
  • 5. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Textbook of Military Medicine. Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 1997; part I, vol 3: 603-76.
  • 6. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. Emerging and other communicable diseases, surveillance and control, 3rded. Geneva: WHO,1998.
  • 7. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 815–26.
  • 8. Bioterrorism. In:Isenberg HD Chief Ed. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook Vol 3. 2 nd ed. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2004 : 16.1-16.8
  • 9. Spencer RC. Bacillus anthtracis. J Clin Path 2003; 56(3):182-7.
  • 10. Bacterial Agents. In: USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Causalties Handbook. Eds: Darling RG, Woods Jon B. 5th ed. Department of Defense 2004: 16-52.
  • 11. Kyriacou DN, Adamski A, Khardori N.Anthrax: from antiquity and obscurity to a front-runner in bioterrorism. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006; 20(2): 227-51.
  • 12. Whitby M, Ruff TA, Street AC, Fenner F. Biological agents as weapons 2: anthrax and plague. MJA 2002; 176 (12): 605-8.
  • 13. WHO guidance. Public health response to biological and chemical weapons. Annex 3.2: Bacteria. 2004.
  • 14. Hanna P. Anthrax pathogenesis, and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 225:13–35.
  • 15. White SM. Chemical and biological weapons. Implications for anaesthesia and intensive care. Br J Anaesth. 2002; 89(2): 306-24.
  • 16. Lietenberg M. Biological weapons in the twentieth century: a review and analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27(4): 267-320.
  • 17. Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1607–10.
  • 18. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 Nov-Dec; 7(6): 933-44.
  • 19. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, McClain DJ et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. Clin Lab Med. 2001 Sep; 21(3): 435-73.
  • 20. Swartz M. N. Current Concepts: Recognition and Management of Anthrax —An Update. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1621-6.
  • 2 1 . Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of anthrax and bioterrorism-related anthrax. Euro Surveill. 2004; 9(12): E3-4.
  • 22. Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, et al. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Chest 1999; 116: 1369–76.
  • 23. Daya M, Nakamura Y. Pulmonary disease from biological agents: anthrax, plague, Q fever, and tularemia. Crit Care Clin. 2005; 21(4): 747-63.
  • 24. Anonymous. Recognition of Illness Associated with the Intentional Release of a Biologic Agent. MMWR 2001; 50(41): 893-7.
  • 25. Cunha BA. Anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 489-503.
  • 26. Nulens E, Voss A. Laboratory diagnosis and biosafety issues of biological warfare agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 455-66.
  • 2 7 . Wolfgang F, Klietmann, Kathryn L. Ruoff. Bioterrorism: Implications for the Clinical Microbiologist. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 364-381.
  • 2 8 . Greenfield RA, Drevets DA, Machado LJ, Voskuhl GW, Cornea P, Bronze MS. Bacterial pathogens as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism. Am J Med Sci. 2002; 323(6): 299-315.
  • 29. Guarner J, Zaki SR. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bioterrorism agents. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006; 54(1): 3-11.
  • 30. Broussard LA. Biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism. Mol Diagn 2001; 6: 323–33.
  • 31. Heller MB, Bunning ML, France ME et al. Laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8(10): 1096-102.

BACTERIA AS AGENTS OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: “Category A agents”

Year 2006, Volume: 63 Issue: 1, 21 - 46, 01.04.2006

Abstract

Bacterial pathogens that are lethal, relatively easily obtained and inexpensive to produce in large quantities,stable in aerosol with the ability to be dispersed over wide areas, communicable from person to person can be usedas weapons of biological warfare or bioterrorism. Biological warfare agents can be separated into three categoriesby Center of Diseases Control and prevention, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity ofillness or death they cause. Bacterial pathogens that are considered the highest risk in category A agents in regardto their microbiology, potential for weaponization, and the clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment ofthe diseases that they cause has been reviewed

References

  • 1. Von Lubitz KJE Dag. Bioterrorism: Field Guide to Disease Identification and Initial Patient Management. Taylor & Francis 2005.
  • 2 . Anonymous. Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR. 2000; 49: RR-4.
  • 3. Henderson A, Inglesby V, O’Toole T. Bioterrorism Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Management. VA, USA: ASM press, 2002.
  • 4. Zoonoses. Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. Eds: Kraus H et al. 3rd ed. VA, USA: ASM press, 2003.
  • 5. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Textbook of Military Medicine. Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 1997; part I, vol 3: 603-76.
  • 6. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. Emerging and other communicable diseases, surveillance and control, 3rded. Geneva: WHO,1998.
  • 7. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 815–26.
  • 8. Bioterrorism. In:Isenberg HD Chief Ed. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook Vol 3. 2 nd ed. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2004 : 16.1-16.8
  • 9. Spencer RC. Bacillus anthtracis. J Clin Path 2003; 56(3):182-7.
  • 10. Bacterial Agents. In: USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Causalties Handbook. Eds: Darling RG, Woods Jon B. 5th ed. Department of Defense 2004: 16-52.
  • 11. Kyriacou DN, Adamski A, Khardori N.Anthrax: from antiquity and obscurity to a front-runner in bioterrorism. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006; 20(2): 227-51.
  • 12. Whitby M, Ruff TA, Street AC, Fenner F. Biological agents as weapons 2: anthrax and plague. MJA 2002; 176 (12): 605-8.
  • 13. WHO guidance. Public health response to biological and chemical weapons. Annex 3.2: Bacteria. 2004.
  • 14. Hanna P. Anthrax pathogenesis, and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 225:13–35.
  • 15. White SM. Chemical and biological weapons. Implications for anaesthesia and intensive care. Br J Anaesth. 2002; 89(2): 306-24.
  • 16. Lietenberg M. Biological weapons in the twentieth century: a review and analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27(4): 267-320.
  • 17. Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1607–10.
  • 18. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 Nov-Dec; 7(6): 933-44.
  • 19. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, McClain DJ et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. Clin Lab Med. 2001 Sep; 21(3): 435-73.
  • 20. Swartz M. N. Current Concepts: Recognition and Management of Anthrax —An Update. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1621-6.
  • 2 1 . Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of anthrax and bioterrorism-related anthrax. Euro Surveill. 2004; 9(12): E3-4.
  • 22. Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, et al. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Chest 1999; 116: 1369–76.
  • 23. Daya M, Nakamura Y. Pulmonary disease from biological agents: anthrax, plague, Q fever, and tularemia. Crit Care Clin. 2005; 21(4): 747-63.
  • 24. Anonymous. Recognition of Illness Associated with the Intentional Release of a Biologic Agent. MMWR 2001; 50(41): 893-7.
  • 25. Cunha BA. Anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 489-503.
  • 26. Nulens E, Voss A. Laboratory diagnosis and biosafety issues of biological warfare agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 455-66.
  • 2 7 . Wolfgang F, Klietmann, Kathryn L. Ruoff. Bioterrorism: Implications for the Clinical Microbiologist. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 364-381.
  • 2 8 . Greenfield RA, Drevets DA, Machado LJ, Voskuhl GW, Cornea P, Bronze MS. Bacterial pathogens as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism. Am J Med Sci. 2002; 323(6): 299-315.
  • 29. Guarner J, Zaki SR. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bioterrorism agents. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006; 54(1): 3-11.
  • 30. Broussard LA. Biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism. Mol Diagn 2001; 6: 323–33.
  • 31. Heller MB, Bunning ML, France ME et al. Laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8(10): 1096-102.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Selçuk Kılıç This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2006
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 63 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kılıç, S. (2006). BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 63(1), 21-46.
AMA Kılıç S.BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar.” Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. April 2006;63(1):21-46.
Chicago Kılıç, Selçuk. “BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: ‘Kategori A ajanlar’”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63, no. 1 (April 2006): 21-46.
EndNote Kılıç S (April 1, 2006) BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63 1 21–46.
IEEE S. Kılıç, “BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: ‘Kategori A ajanlar’”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 21–46, 2006.
ISNAD Kılıç, Selçuk. “BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: ‘Kategori A ajanlar’”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 63/1 (April 2006), 21-46.
JAMA Kılıç S. BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar”. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2006;63:21–46.
MLA Kılıç, Selçuk. “BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: ‘Kategori A ajanlar’”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 63, no. 1, 2006, pp. 21-46.
Vancouver Kılıç S. BİYOLOJİK SİLAH OLARAK BAKTERİLER: “Kategori A ajanlar”. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2006;63(1):21-46.