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Riskli hastalarda metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığının belirlenmesinde hızlı tanı testlerinin değerlendirilmesi

Year 2011, Volume: 68 Issue: 3, 114 - 164, 01.09.2011

Abstract

Amaç: Metisilin dirençli Staphylococcus aureus MRSA tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de mortalitesi yüksek hastane kökenli enfeksiyonlara yol açan bir bakteridir. Hastanelerde MRSA kaynağı sıklıkla MRSA ile kolonize veya enfekte hastalar ve MRSA taşıyıcısı sağlık çalışanlarıdır. Günümüzde MRSA taraması amacı ile kullanılan klasik kültür yöntemlerinin geç sonuç vermesi nedeniyle, taşıyıcıların saptanmasında hızlı ve güvenilir tanı yöntemlerine giderek daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu araştırmada riskli hastalarda MRSA taşıyıcılığının belirlenmesinde CHROMagar’ın ve moleküler yöntemlerden GeneOhm MRSA gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonunun PZR kullanılabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Yöntem: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Hastanesi Yoğun Bakım Üniteleri’nde tedavi edilmekte olan ve MRSA enfeksiyonu için risk taşıyan 131 hasta ve bu hastalar ile temas eden 46 sağlık personeli olmak üzere toplam 177 kişiden burun sürüntüsü örneği alınmıştır. Kültür yöntemi olarak koyun kanlı agara ve CHROMagar’a doğrudan ekim yöntemi ve triptik soy broth’da zenginleştirme yapıldıktan sonra CHROMagar’a aktarma ekimi kullanılmıştır. PZR yöntemi üretici firmanın önerilerine uygun olarak Smart Cycler II hızlı DNA amplifikasyon sistemi ile çalışılmıştırBulgular: Geleneksel kültür yöntemi olan koyun kanlı agara ekilen örneklerin %15,3’ünde, kromojenik agara yapılan ekimlerin %18,6’sında, zenginleştirilmiş besiyerinde bekletildikten sonra kromojenik agara ekilen örneklerin %20,3’ünde MRSA ürediği görülmüştür. Araştırmada en duyarlı %97,3 ve özgül %100 kültür yöntemi olarak triptik soy broth’un kullanıldığı zenginleştirme yöntemi bulunmuştur. En hızlı kültür yöntemi olan kromojenik agara doğrudan ekim yönteminin duyarlılığı %89,2, özgüllüğü %100 olarak değerlendirilmiştir. GeneOhm MRSA PZR’nin duyarlılığı %97,3 ve özgüllüğü %100 ise zenginleştirme yöntemi ile benzer bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Testlerin sonuçları ve maliyetleri göz önüne alınarak, riskli hastaların aktif sürveyans taramalarında ön zenginleştirme de triptik soy broth kullanılarak veya doğrudan ekim yapılarak kromojenik agarın kullanılabileceği düşünülmüştür.

References

  • 1. Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol, 2004; 126: 37-56.
  • 2. Karanis P, Papadopoulou C, Kimua A, Economou E, Kourenti C, Sakkas H. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking and recraational water of Northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol, 2002; 30: 49-58.
  • 3. Tamburrini A, Pozio E. Long-term survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and in experimentally infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Parasitol, 1999; 29: 711-5.
  • 4. Redlinger T, Corella-Barud V, Graham J, Galindo A, Avita R, Cardenas V. Hyperendemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in households lacking municipal sewer and water on the United States-Mexico Border. Am J Med Trop Hyg, 2002; 66: 784-98.
  • 5. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanrıverdi S et al. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2006; 75: 851-7.
  • 6. Schaefer FW. Detection of Protozoon Parasites in Source and Finished Drinking Waters. “Hurst CJ, Knudsen GR, Melnerney MJ, Stetzenbach LD, Walter MV (eds) Manual of Environmental Microbiology, ASM Press Washington, D.C. 1997.
  • 7. Richardson AJ, Frankenberg RA, Buck AC, Selkon JB, Colbourne JS, Parsons JW et al. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Swindon and Oxfordshire. Epidemiol Infect, 1991; 107: 485-95.
  • 8. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med, 1994; 331:161-7.
  • 9. Cacciò SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol, 2005; 21:430-7.
  • 10. McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Díaz S, Nichols GL. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38 :3984-90.
  • 11. Ong CS, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-ElKariem FM, Beard CB et al. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1999; 61: 63-9.
  • 12. Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis, 1997; 3:567-73.
  • 13. Sulaiman IM, Xiao L, Yang C, Escalante L, Moore A, Beard CB et al. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg Infect Dis, 1998; 4: 681-5.
  • 14. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: Recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2004; 17: 72-97.
  • 15. LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Giardia and Cryptosporidium sp, in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991; 26: 17-21.
  • 16. Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado Mde L, Figueiredo J, Silva E et al. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol, 2010; 48: 43-8.
  • 17. Razzolini MT, da Silva Santos TF, Bastos VK. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas. J Water Health, 2010; 8: 399-404.
  • 18. Köksal F. Kaynak sularının Giardia ve Cryptosporidium yönünden incelenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 2002; 32: 275-7.
  • 19. Çeber K, Aslan G, Otağ F, Delialioğlu N, Öztürk C, Babür C et al. Mersin İlinde içme suyu, kullanma suyu, atık su ve deniz sularında Cryptosporidium spp. ookistlerinin araştırılması, Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 2005; 29: 224-8.
  • 20. Aksoy U, Akısü Ç, Şahin S, Usluca S, Yalçın G, Kuralay F et al. First reported waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with Cyclospora co-infection in Turkey. Euro Surveill, 2007;12: E070215.

Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients

Year 2011, Volume: 68 Issue: 3, 114 - 164, 01.09.2011

Abstract

Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA is a bacterium that causes hospitalacquired infections with high mortality in our country as well as all over the world. Source of MRSA in hospitals are often patients who are colonized or infected with MRSA and health care employees who are carriers of MRSA. Nowadays, because of the delayed screening results of conventional culture methods used for detecting MRSA carriers, it is more and more needed to have fast and reliable diagnostic methods. This study evaluated the usability of GeneOhm MRSA real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR , a molecular method, and CHROMAgar in the determination of MRSA carriage among the patients at risk of MRSA carriage. Method: Nasal swap samples were taken from a total of 177 subjects, 131 patients who were undergoing treatment in the Intensive Care Units of Celal Bayar University Hospital at high risk for MRSA infection and 46 medical personnel in contact with these patients. With regard to culture, direct inoculation to sheep blood agar, direct inoculation to CHROMAgar and inoculation to CHROMAgar after enrichment in trypticase soy broth were used. The PCR method was performed with the Smart Cycler II rapid DNA amplification system in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations Results: It was determined that MRSA grew in 15.3% of the specimen inoculated to sheep blood agar, the classical culture method, and in 18.6% of the specimen inoculated to chromogenic agar while it grew in 20.3% of the specimens inoculated to chromogenic agar after enrichment. Results showed that enrichment trypticase soy broth yielded the highest sensitivity 97.3% and specificity 100% . It was evaluated that the fastest method was the method of direct inoculation to chromogenic agar with sensitivity and specificity of 89.2% and 100%, respectively. With 97.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity, GeneOhm MRSA PCR was comparable to enrichment method. Conclusion: Taking into account the test results and costs, it would be suggested that the chromogenic agar with direct incubation or pre-enrichment in tryptic soy broth can be used for the surveillance screening of the patients at high risk.

References

  • 1. Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol, 2004; 126: 37-56.
  • 2. Karanis P, Papadopoulou C, Kimua A, Economou E, Kourenti C, Sakkas H. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking and recraational water of Northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol, 2002; 30: 49-58.
  • 3. Tamburrini A, Pozio E. Long-term survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and in experimentally infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Parasitol, 1999; 29: 711-5.
  • 4. Redlinger T, Corella-Barud V, Graham J, Galindo A, Avita R, Cardenas V. Hyperendemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in households lacking municipal sewer and water on the United States-Mexico Border. Am J Med Trop Hyg, 2002; 66: 784-98.
  • 5. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanrıverdi S et al. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2006; 75: 851-7.
  • 6. Schaefer FW. Detection of Protozoon Parasites in Source and Finished Drinking Waters. “Hurst CJ, Knudsen GR, Melnerney MJ, Stetzenbach LD, Walter MV (eds) Manual of Environmental Microbiology, ASM Press Washington, D.C. 1997.
  • 7. Richardson AJ, Frankenberg RA, Buck AC, Selkon JB, Colbourne JS, Parsons JW et al. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Swindon and Oxfordshire. Epidemiol Infect, 1991; 107: 485-95.
  • 8. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med, 1994; 331:161-7.
  • 9. Cacciò SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol, 2005; 21:430-7.
  • 10. McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Díaz S, Nichols GL. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38 :3984-90.
  • 11. Ong CS, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-ElKariem FM, Beard CB et al. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1999; 61: 63-9.
  • 12. Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis, 1997; 3:567-73.
  • 13. Sulaiman IM, Xiao L, Yang C, Escalante L, Moore A, Beard CB et al. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg Infect Dis, 1998; 4: 681-5.
  • 14. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: Recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2004; 17: 72-97.
  • 15. LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Giardia and Cryptosporidium sp, in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991; 26: 17-21.
  • 16. Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado Mde L, Figueiredo J, Silva E et al. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol, 2010; 48: 43-8.
  • 17. Razzolini MT, da Silva Santos TF, Bastos VK. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas. J Water Health, 2010; 8: 399-404.
  • 18. Köksal F. Kaynak sularının Giardia ve Cryptosporidium yönünden incelenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 2002; 32: 275-7.
  • 19. Çeber K, Aslan G, Otağ F, Delialioğlu N, Öztürk C, Babür C et al. Mersin İlinde içme suyu, kullanma suyu, atık su ve deniz sularında Cryptosporidium spp. ookistlerinin araştırılması, Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 2005; 29: 224-8.
  • 20. Aksoy U, Akısü Ç, Şahin S, Usluca S, Yalçın G, Kuralay F et al. First reported waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with Cyclospora co-infection in Turkey. Euro Surveill, 2007;12: E070215.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Süheyla Sürücüoğlu This is me

Melek Sakarya This is me

Hörü Gazi This is me

Talat Ecemiş This is me

Semra Kurutepe This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 68 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sürücüoğlu, S., Sakarya, M., Gazi, H., Ecemiş, T., et al. (2011). Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 68(3), 114-164.
AMA Sürücüoğlu S, Sakarya M, Gazi H, Ecemiş T, Kurutepe S. Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. September 2011;68(3):114-164.
Chicago Sürücüoğlu, Süheyla, Melek Sakarya, Hörü Gazi, Talat Ecemiş, and Semra Kurutepe. “Evaluation of Rapid Tests for Determination of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carriage in High Risk Patients”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68, no. 3 (September 2011): 114-64.
EndNote Sürücüoğlu S, Sakarya M, Gazi H, Ecemiş T, Kurutepe S (September 1, 2011) Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68 3 114–164.
IEEE S. Sürücüoğlu, M. Sakarya, H. Gazi, T. Ecemiş, and S. Kurutepe, “Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 114–164, 2011.
ISNAD Sürücüoğlu, Süheyla et al. “Evaluation of Rapid Tests for Determination of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carriage in High Risk Patients”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68/3 (September 2011), 114-164.
JAMA Sürücüoğlu S, Sakarya M, Gazi H, Ecemiş T, Kurutepe S. Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2011;68:114–164.
MLA Sürücüoğlu, Süheyla et al. “Evaluation of Rapid Tests for Determination of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carriage in High Risk Patients”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 68, no. 3, 2011, pp. 114-6.
Vancouver Sürücüoğlu S, Sakarya M, Gazi H, Ecemiş T, Kurutepe S. Evaluation of rapid tests for determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in high risk patients. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2011;68(3):114-6.