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Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar

Year 2015, Volume: 72 Issue: 2, 163 - 174, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Son yıllarda ülkemizde ve tüm dünyada ev hayvanları aile yaşamı içerisinde daha çok yer almaya başlamıştır. Daha önceleri kedi, köpek, kuş gibi hayvanlar daha sıklıkla sahiplenilirken, günümüzde pet hayvan yelpazesi oldukça genişlemiş olup bu hayvanların yanı sıra hamster, fare, sıçan, yılan, kertenkele, timsah gibi hayvanlar da tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Pet hayvanlar, bireylerin kendilerini psikolojik ve fizyolojik olarak daha iyi hissetmelerini sağlamaktadır. Evcil hayvan sahibi olanların olmayanlara göre daha düşük kan basıncına ve kolesterol düzeyine sahip oldukları, daha az ilaç kullandıkları, kalp hastalıklarına daha az yakalandıkları da belirtilmektedir. Ancak evde hayvan besleme alışkanlığı arttıkça insanların zoonotik hastalıklar ile karşı karşıya kalma riskleri de artmaktadır. Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşabilen çok sayıda bakteriyel, viral, paraziter ve fungal enfeksiyon söz konusudur. Bu enfeksiyonlar çoğunlukla ısırık, çizik, solunum ya da sindirim yoluyla bulaşır. İnsanlarda ısırılmak ya da tırmalanmak suretiyle gelişen pastörelloz, bartonelloz ve çeşitli aerobik ya da anerobik bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar daha yaygın görülürken, kampilobakteriyoz, salmonelloz gibi gastrointestinal sistem enfeksiyonları; dermatofitozlar, uyuz gibi deri hastalıkları; psittakoz gibi solunum yolu hastalıkları ve toksoplazmoz, leyişmanyoz gibi multisistemik hastalıklar daha az görülmektedir. Küçük çocuklar, hamileler ve bağışıklığı baskılanmış bireyler bu enfeksiyonlara karşı daha fazla risk altındadırlar. Bu enfeksiyonlardan korunmada hayvan sahiplerinin hijyen kurallarına dikkat etmesi ve evde bakılacak hayvanların genel sağlık durumlarının kontrol edilmesi, gerekiyorsa aşılanmalarının sağlanması son derece önemlidir. Pet hayvanlar ve sahipleri için oldukça önemli olan fakat, çoğunlukla ihmal edilen zoonotik enfeksiyonlar konusunda farkındalık yaratmak amacıyla hazırlanan bu derlemede kedi, köpek, kuş, balık gibi sıklıkla evlerde bakılan pet hayvanların yanı sıra tavşan, rodent, reptil, maymun gibi daha nadir olarak tercih edilen hayvanlardan da insanlara bulaşabilen bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar özetlenmiştir

References

  • 1. Geffray L. Infections associated with pets. Rev Med Interne, 1999; 20(10): 888-901.
  • 2. Stull JW, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM, Weese JS. Household knowledge, attitudes and practices related to pet contact and associated zoonoses in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 2012; (12): 553. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-553.
  • 3. Stull JW, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM, Weese JS. Pethusbandry and infection control practices related to zoonotic disease risks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 2013; (13): 520.
  • 4. Oehler RL, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, Lamarche J, Gompf S. Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009; 9(7): 439-47.
  • 5. Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C, Hewitt K, Morgan D. Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature. PLOS One, 2014; 9(2): e89309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089309.
  • 6. Rabinowitz PM, Gordon Z, Odofin L. Pet-related infections. Am Fam Physician, 2007; 76(9): 1314-22.
  • 7. Hemsworth S, Pizer B. Pet ownership in immunocompromised children-a review of the literature and survey of existing guidelines. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 2006; 10(2): 117-27.
  • 8. Stull JW, Brophy J, Sargeant JM, Peregrine AS, Lawson ML, Ramphal R et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pet contact by immunocompromised children with cancer and immunocompetent children with diabetes. J Pediatr, 2014; 165(2): 348-355.
  • 9. İzgür M, Doğanay M. Zoonozların önemi ve genel bakış. In: Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, eds. Zoonozlar; Hayvanlardan İnsanlara Bulaşan Enfeksiyonlar, 1. Baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2009: 21-32.
  • 10. Goldstein EJC. Infections from pets. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, Eds. Infectious Diseases, Expert Consult, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Mosby/ Elsevier, 2010: 727-33.
  • 11. Aygen B, Doğanay M, Üstünbaş HB. Pasteurella multocida sellüliti. İnfeksiyon Derg,1991; 5(2): 135-39.
  • 12. Aygen B, Metan G. Hayvan ısırıkları ile bulaşan enfeksiyonlar. In: Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, eds. Zoonozlar; Hayvanlardan İnsanlara Bulaşan Enfeksiyonlar, 1. Baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2009: 1155-63.
  • 13. Talan DA, Citron MA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Goldstein EJ. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340(2): 85-92.
  • 14. Pers C, Gahrn-Hansen B, Frederiksen W. Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicemia in Denmark, 1982-1995: review of 39 cases. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23(1): 71-5.
  • 15. Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1995; 33(6): 1019-29.
  • 16. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren YA, Tyrrell K, Fernandez H. Comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem and 11 other antimicrobial agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2001; 48(5): 641-51.
  • 17. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis, 2003; 3(12): 757-71.
  • 18. Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Shriram AN. Leptospirosis: an emerging global public health problem, J Biosci, 2008; 33(4): 557-69.
  • 19. Mani I, Maguire JH. Small animal zoonoses and immuncompromised pet owners. Top Companion Anim Med, 2009; 24(4): 164-74.
  • 20. Yüksekkaya S, Aras Z, Uçan US. Investigation of Brucella canis seroprevalence in Brucellosis suspected cases. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2013; 47(1): 152-7.
  • 21. Love DN, Malik R, Norris JM. Bacteriological warfare amongst cats: what have we learned about cat bite infections? Vet Microbiol, 2000; 74(3): 179-93.
  • 22. Dendle C, Looke D. Review article: Animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg Med Australas, 2008; 20(6): 458-67.
  • 23. Hey P, Gow P, Torresi J, Testro A. Cirrhosis, cellulitis and cats: a 'purrfect' combination for life-threatening spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from Pasteurella multocida. BMJ Case Rep, 2012. pii: bcr2012007397. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2012- 007397.
  • 24. Nocera NF, Desai KK, Granick MS. Cat bite cellulitis. Eplasty, 2014; 14:25.
  • 25. Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis, 2006; 12(3): 389-94.
  • 26. Liao HM, Huang FY, Chi H, Wang NL, Chen BF. Systemic cat scratch disease. J Formos Med Assoc, 2006; 105(8): 674-9.
  • 27. Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA, Regnery RL, Plikaytis BD, Hadler JL, Cartter ML, Wenger JD. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut. Epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. N Engl J Med, 1993; 329(1): 8-13.
  • 28. Aydin N, Bülbül R, Telli M, Gültekin B. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana in blood donors in Aydin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2014; 48(3): 477-83.
  • 29. Celebi B, Kilic S, Aydin N, Tarhan G, Carhan A, Babur C. Investigation of Bartonella henselae in cats in Ankara, Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health, 2009; 56(4): 169-75.
  • 30. Guzel M, Celebi B, Yalcin E, Koenhemsi L, Mamak N, Pasa S, Aslan O. A serological investigation of Bartonella henselae infection in cats in Turkey. J Vet Med Sci, 2011; 73(11): 1513-6.
  • 31. Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ et al. Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977-1998. Clin Infect Dis, 2000; 30(6): 893-900.
  • 32. Vanrompay D, Ducatella R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol, 1995; 45 (2-3) : 93-119.
  • 33. Arda M. Kafes Kuşu Hastalıkları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ayban Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık. 2008: 129-37.
  • 34. West A. A Brief Review of Chlamydophila psittaci in Birds and Humans. J Exot Pet Med, 2011; 20 (1): 18-20.
  • 35. Beeckman DS, Vanrompay DC. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2009; 15 (1) : 11-17.
  • 36. Duygu Altınsoy N. Kafes kuşlarında Tüberküloza neden olan etkenlerin kültür ve moleküler yöntemlerle teşhisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012.
  • 37. Dhama K, Mahendran M, Tiwari R, Dayal Singh S, Kumar D, Singh S, Sawant PM. Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into the Mycobacterium avium Infections. Vet Med Int, 2011; 2011:712369. doi: 10.4061/2011/712369.
  • 38. Evans EE: Zoonotic diseases of common pet birds: psittacine, passerine,and columbiform species. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 2011; 14: 457–76.
  • 39. Harris JM: Zoonotic diseases of birds. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 1991; 21: 1289–98.
  • 40. Wedderkopp A, Madsen AM, Jørgensen PH: Incidence of Campylobacter species in hobby birds. Vet Rec, 2003; 152: 179–80.
  • 41. Jorn KS, Thompson KM, Larson JM, Blair JE. Polly can make you sick: pet bird-associated diseases. Cleve Clin J Med, 2009; 76(4): 235-43.
  • 42. Chomel BB. Zoonoses of house pets other than dogs, cats and birds. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1992; 11(6): 479-87.
  • 43. Waner T, Cohen O, Anug AM, Rosner A. An epizootic of Tyzzer’s disease in rabbits in Israel. Isr J Vet Med, 2005; 60: 63-6.
  • 44. Krauss H,Weber A, Appel M, Enders B, Isenberg HD, Schiefer HG, Slenczka W, Graevenitz A, Zahner H. Eds. Zoonoses, Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans. Appendix A: Animal bite infections. 3rd edt. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2003: 405-10.
  • 45. Franklin CL, Motzel SL, Besch-Williford CL, Hook RR Jr, Riley LK. Tyzzer's infection: host specificity of Clostridium piliforme isolates. Lab Anim Sci, 1994; 44(6): 568-72.
  • 46. Sasseville, VG, Simon, MA, Chalifoux LV, Lin KC, Mansfield KG. Naturally occurring Tyzzer’s disease in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Comp Med, 2007; 57: 125-7.
  • 47. Jorge MT, Nishioka Sde A, de Oliveirá RB, Ribeiro LA, Silveira PV. Aeromonas hydrophila soft-tissue infection as a complication of snake bite: report of three cases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1998; 92(2): 213-7.

Important bacterial infections transmitted to humans from pet animals

Year 2015, Volume: 72 Issue: 2, 163 - 174, 01.06.2015

Abstract

In recent years, pets have started to be more commonly in family life, in our country and also all over the world. Previously, animals such as cats, dogs, birds have been ownered more frequently, but today pet range increased remarkably and the animals like hamsters, mice, rats, snakes, lizards, alligators have started to been preferred. Pet animals provide people feel better as psychological and physiological. It is mentioned that pet owners have lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels with a less level of drug usage and less incidence of heart disease than nonowners. However caring animals at home increases the risk of people being confronted with zoonotic diseases. It is concerned that a high number of bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections can be transmitted from animals to humans. These infections often transmitted through by the way of bite, scratch, respiratory or digestive sistem. In humans, pasteurellosis, bartonellosis and various aerobic or anaerobic bacterial infections developed by biting or scratching are more common. Gastrointestinal tract infections campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis , skin diseases dermatophytosis, scabies , respiratory diseases psittacosis and multisystem diseases toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis are less common. Young children, pregnant women and immunocompromised people have higher risk of these infections. For the prevention of these infections, pet owners have to sahiplerinin hijyen kurallarına dikkat etmesi ve evde bakılacak hayvanların genel sağlık durumlarının kontrol edilmesi, gerekiyorsa aşılanmalarının sağlanması son derece önemlidir. Pet hayvanlar ve sahipleri için oldukça önemli olan fakat, çoğunlukla ihmal edilen zoonotik enfeksiyonlar konusunda farkındalık yaratmak amacıyla hazırlanan bu derlemede kedi, köpek, kuş, balık gibi sıklıkla evlerde bakılan pet hayvanların yanı sıra tavşan, rodent, reptil, maymun gibi daha nadir olarak tercih edilen hayvanlardan da insanlara bulaşabilen bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar özetlenmiştir

References

  • 1. Geffray L. Infections associated with pets. Rev Med Interne, 1999; 20(10): 888-901.
  • 2. Stull JW, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM, Weese JS. Household knowledge, attitudes and practices related to pet contact and associated zoonoses in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 2012; (12): 553. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-553.
  • 3. Stull JW, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM, Weese JS. Pethusbandry and infection control practices related to zoonotic disease risks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 2013; (13): 520.
  • 4. Oehler RL, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, Lamarche J, Gompf S. Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect Dis, 2009; 9(7): 439-47.
  • 5. Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C, Hewitt K, Morgan D. Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature. PLOS One, 2014; 9(2): e89309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089309.
  • 6. Rabinowitz PM, Gordon Z, Odofin L. Pet-related infections. Am Fam Physician, 2007; 76(9): 1314-22.
  • 7. Hemsworth S, Pizer B. Pet ownership in immunocompromised children-a review of the literature and survey of existing guidelines. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 2006; 10(2): 117-27.
  • 8. Stull JW, Brophy J, Sargeant JM, Peregrine AS, Lawson ML, Ramphal R et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pet contact by immunocompromised children with cancer and immunocompetent children with diabetes. J Pediatr, 2014; 165(2): 348-355.
  • 9. İzgür M, Doğanay M. Zoonozların önemi ve genel bakış. In: Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, eds. Zoonozlar; Hayvanlardan İnsanlara Bulaşan Enfeksiyonlar, 1. Baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2009: 21-32.
  • 10. Goldstein EJC. Infections from pets. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, Eds. Infectious Diseases, Expert Consult, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Mosby/ Elsevier, 2010: 727-33.
  • 11. Aygen B, Doğanay M, Üstünbaş HB. Pasteurella multocida sellüliti. İnfeksiyon Derg,1991; 5(2): 135-39.
  • 12. Aygen B, Metan G. Hayvan ısırıkları ile bulaşan enfeksiyonlar. In: Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, eds. Zoonozlar; Hayvanlardan İnsanlara Bulaşan Enfeksiyonlar, 1. Baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2009: 1155-63.
  • 13. Talan DA, Citron MA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Goldstein EJ. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340(2): 85-92.
  • 14. Pers C, Gahrn-Hansen B, Frederiksen W. Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicemia in Denmark, 1982-1995: review of 39 cases. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23(1): 71-5.
  • 15. Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1995; 33(6): 1019-29.
  • 16. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren YA, Tyrrell K, Fernandez H. Comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem and 11 other antimicrobial agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2001; 48(5): 641-51.
  • 17. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis, 2003; 3(12): 757-71.
  • 18. Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Shriram AN. Leptospirosis: an emerging global public health problem, J Biosci, 2008; 33(4): 557-69.
  • 19. Mani I, Maguire JH. Small animal zoonoses and immuncompromised pet owners. Top Companion Anim Med, 2009; 24(4): 164-74.
  • 20. Yüksekkaya S, Aras Z, Uçan US. Investigation of Brucella canis seroprevalence in Brucellosis suspected cases. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2013; 47(1): 152-7.
  • 21. Love DN, Malik R, Norris JM. Bacteriological warfare amongst cats: what have we learned about cat bite infections? Vet Microbiol, 2000; 74(3): 179-93.
  • 22. Dendle C, Looke D. Review article: Animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg Med Australas, 2008; 20(6): 458-67.
  • 23. Hey P, Gow P, Torresi J, Testro A. Cirrhosis, cellulitis and cats: a 'purrfect' combination for life-threatening spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from Pasteurella multocida. BMJ Case Rep, 2012. pii: bcr2012007397. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2012- 007397.
  • 24. Nocera NF, Desai KK, Granick MS. Cat bite cellulitis. Eplasty, 2014; 14:25.
  • 25. Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis, 2006; 12(3): 389-94.
  • 26. Liao HM, Huang FY, Chi H, Wang NL, Chen BF. Systemic cat scratch disease. J Formos Med Assoc, 2006; 105(8): 674-9.
  • 27. Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA, Regnery RL, Plikaytis BD, Hadler JL, Cartter ML, Wenger JD. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut. Epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. N Engl J Med, 1993; 329(1): 8-13.
  • 28. Aydin N, Bülbül R, Telli M, Gültekin B. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana in blood donors in Aydin province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2014; 48(3): 477-83.
  • 29. Celebi B, Kilic S, Aydin N, Tarhan G, Carhan A, Babur C. Investigation of Bartonella henselae in cats in Ankara, Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health, 2009; 56(4): 169-75.
  • 30. Guzel M, Celebi B, Yalcin E, Koenhemsi L, Mamak N, Pasa S, Aslan O. A serological investigation of Bartonella henselae infection in cats in Turkey. J Vet Med Sci, 2011; 73(11): 1513-6.
  • 31. Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ et al. Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977-1998. Clin Infect Dis, 2000; 30(6): 893-900.
  • 32. Vanrompay D, Ducatella R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol, 1995; 45 (2-3) : 93-119.
  • 33. Arda M. Kafes Kuşu Hastalıkları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ayban Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık. 2008: 129-37.
  • 34. West A. A Brief Review of Chlamydophila psittaci in Birds and Humans. J Exot Pet Med, 2011; 20 (1): 18-20.
  • 35. Beeckman DS, Vanrompay DC. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2009; 15 (1) : 11-17.
  • 36. Duygu Altınsoy N. Kafes kuşlarında Tüberküloza neden olan etkenlerin kültür ve moleküler yöntemlerle teşhisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012.
  • 37. Dhama K, Mahendran M, Tiwari R, Dayal Singh S, Kumar D, Singh S, Sawant PM. Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into the Mycobacterium avium Infections. Vet Med Int, 2011; 2011:712369. doi: 10.4061/2011/712369.
  • 38. Evans EE: Zoonotic diseases of common pet birds: psittacine, passerine,and columbiform species. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 2011; 14: 457–76.
  • 39. Harris JM: Zoonotic diseases of birds. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 1991; 21: 1289–98.
  • 40. Wedderkopp A, Madsen AM, Jørgensen PH: Incidence of Campylobacter species in hobby birds. Vet Rec, 2003; 152: 179–80.
  • 41. Jorn KS, Thompson KM, Larson JM, Blair JE. Polly can make you sick: pet bird-associated diseases. Cleve Clin J Med, 2009; 76(4): 235-43.
  • 42. Chomel BB. Zoonoses of house pets other than dogs, cats and birds. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1992; 11(6): 479-87.
  • 43. Waner T, Cohen O, Anug AM, Rosner A. An epizootic of Tyzzer’s disease in rabbits in Israel. Isr J Vet Med, 2005; 60: 63-6.
  • 44. Krauss H,Weber A, Appel M, Enders B, Isenberg HD, Schiefer HG, Slenczka W, Graevenitz A, Zahner H. Eds. Zoonoses, Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans. Appendix A: Animal bite infections. 3rd edt. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2003: 405-10.
  • 45. Franklin CL, Motzel SL, Besch-Williford CL, Hook RR Jr, Riley LK. Tyzzer's infection: host specificity of Clostridium piliforme isolates. Lab Anim Sci, 1994; 44(6): 568-72.
  • 46. Sasseville, VG, Simon, MA, Chalifoux LV, Lin KC, Mansfield KG. Naturally occurring Tyzzer’s disease in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Comp Med, 2007; 57: 125-7.
  • 47. Jorge MT, Nishioka Sde A, de Oliveirá RB, Ribeiro LA, Silveira PV. Aeromonas hydrophila soft-tissue infection as a complication of snake bite: report of three cases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1998; 92(2): 213-7.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Gökçen Dinç This is me

Mehmet Doğanay This is me

Müjgan İzgür This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 72 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dinç, G., Doğanay, M., & İzgür, M. (2015). Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 72(2), 163-174.
AMA Dinç G, Doğanay M, İzgür M. Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. June 2015;72(2):163-174.
Chicago Dinç, Gökçen, Mehmet Doğanay, and Müjgan İzgür. “Pet Hayvanlardan Insanlara bulaşan önemli Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonlar”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72, no. 2 (June 2015): 163-74.
EndNote Dinç G, Doğanay M, İzgür M (June 1, 2015) Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72 2 163–174.
IEEE G. Dinç, M. Doğanay, and M. İzgür, “Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 163–174, 2015.
ISNAD Dinç, Gökçen et al. “Pet Hayvanlardan Insanlara bulaşan önemli Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonlar”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72/2 (June 2015), 163-174.
JAMA Dinç G, Doğanay M, İzgür M. Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2015;72:163–174.
MLA Dinç, Gökçen et al. “Pet Hayvanlardan Insanlara bulaşan önemli Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonlar”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 72, no. 2, 2015, pp. 163-74.
Vancouver Dinç G, Doğanay M, İzgür M. Pet hayvanlardan insanlara bulaşan önemli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2015;72(2):163-74.