İçme Kullanma Suyu Kalitesinin Çevre Sağlığı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Siverek Şanlıurfa Örneği

Öz

Amaç: Şanlıurfa il merkezi ve ilçeleri, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi GAP ’nin faaliyete geçmesiyle demografik açıdan yüksek nüfus hareketlerine maruz kalmıştır. Ayrıca Suriye’den gelen sığınmacıların da etkisiyle önceden tahmin edilen gelecek nüfus projeksiyonlarının üzerinde bir nüfus baskısı yaşamıştır. Bu nüfus baskısının en önemli etkilerinden biri de çevre ve alt yapı açısından sağlıklı su yönetiminin başarılı bir şekilde icra edilememesidir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu çevresel baskıya ait etkilerin ve içme - kullanma suyu kalitesindeki değişimlerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. İldeki mevcut on üç ilçeyi temsil etmesi bakımından en büyük ilçe olan Siverek ilçesi 4.314 km2 yüz ölçümü, 2018 yılı nüfusu 258.265 kişi toplam, 146.131 kişi merkez seçilmiştir.Yöntem: İlçenin içme-kullanma suyu sistemi su kaynakları, depoları ve su şebekesi incelenmiştir. Ocak 2018 – Eylül 2018 tarihleri arasında, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü’nce 2018 yılında yayımlanan “Su Numunesi Kabul Kriterlerine” uygun şekilde dokuz örnekleme noktasından mevsimsel olacak şekilde su örnekleri alınmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik örnekler için 500 microbiological samples and 1.5 L polyethylene bottles were used for chemical anaylsis. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli E. coli and enterococci analysis were carried out by the membrane filtration method. Temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and free chlorine were measured as in situ. Fluoride, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, chloride as spectrophotometric; trihalomethanes, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron parameters were made with ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry using EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 200.7 method.Results: According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that the physicochemical parameters, excluding free chlorine, are in the appropriate range according to the criteria for “Regulation on Waters for Humanitarian Consumption ITASHY ”. In terms of microbiological parameters, significant inappropriate values were determined especially in the summer and fall seasons. In the microbiological analysis, coliform bacteria were detected in 15 samples 42% , E. coli were detected in nine samples 25% and enterococci were detected in three samples 0.8% .Conclusion: With the ongoing activities of the GAP, Sanliurfa and its districts have received a significant level of immigration from surrounding districts. This situation has also resulted in increased migration from rural areas to urban centers. Furthermore, following the Syrian civil war, Sanliurfa province has received the greatest impact of refugees in Turkey. This, in turn, had a negative effect on the management of transport, infrastructure, health, and the environment

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İçme-kullanma suyu, fizikokimyasal, mikrobiyolojik, Siverek, Şanlıurfa

An evaluation of drinking-usage water quality in terms of environmental health: A case study of Siverek Şanliurfa , Turkey.

Abstract

Objective: Şanlıurfa city center and its districts were exposed to demographic high population movements with starting of the Southeastern Anatolia Project GAP . Moreover, with the influence of refugees from Syria, it faced population pressure over the projected future population projections. One of the most significant effects of this population pressure from the perspective of infrastructure and environment has been the inability to successfully provide a healthy water supply system. In this study, it is aimed to demonstrate the effects of environmental pressure and changes in drinking-usage water quality. Siverek District was chosen as the largest district 4314 km2 area; 2018 population total 258.265 people; center 146.131 people in terms of representing the thirteen districts in the province.Methods: The drinking-usage water system water resources, reservoirs, and water networks of the district was examined. Between January 2018 - September 2018, water samples were taken from nine sampling points seasonally under the “Water Sample Acceptance Criteria” published by the General Directorate of Public Health in 2018. 500 mL sterile sodium thiosulfate bottles were used for microbiological samples and 1.5 L polyethylene bottles were used for chemical anaylsis. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli E. coli and enterococci analysis were carried out by the membrane filtration method. Temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and free chlorine were measured as in situ. Fluoride, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, chloride as spectrophotometric; trihalomethanes, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron parameters were made with ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry using EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 200.7 method.Results: According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that the physicochemical parameters, excluding free chlorine, are in the appropriate range according to the criteria for “Regulation on Waters for Humanitarian Consumption ITASHY ”. In terms of microbiological parameters, significant inappropriate values were determined especially in the summer and fall seasons. In the microbiological analysis, coliform bacteria were detected in 15 samples 42% , E. coli were detected in nine samples 25% and enterococci were detected in three samples 0.8% .Conclusion: With the ongoing activities of the GAP, Sanliurfa and its districts have received a significant level of immigration from surrounding districts. This situation has also resulted in increased migration from rural areas to urban centers. Furthermore, following the Syrian civil war, Sanliurfa province has received the greatest impact of refugees in Turkey. This, in turn, had a negative effect on the management of transport, infrastructure, health, and the environment

Keywords

• Drinking-usage water, physicochemical, microbiological, Siverek, Sanliurfa

References

1. Çağatay G. Çevre Sağlığı (Çevre ve Ekoloji Bağlantılarıyla). Ankara: Yazıt Yayıncılık. 2012.
2. İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik; h t t p : / / w w w. m e v z u a t . g o v. t r / M e t i n . Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.7510&Mevzua (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2019). tIliski=0), 3.Siverek Kaymakamlığı. http://www.siverek.
3. gov.tr/siverekcografi-Yapisi,(ErişimTarihi: 10.10.2019).
4. 1593 Sayılı Umumi Hıfzısshha Kanunu. https:// www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1593. pdf), (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2019.).
5. Yetiş R, Atasoy AD, Demir Yetiş A, Yesilnacar MI. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality assessment of groundwater in Balikligol Basin, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci, 2013;78: 3310.
6. Vincy MV, Brilliant R, Pradeepkumar AP. Hydrochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study of Meenachil River Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Environ Monit Assess, 2015; 187: 4217.
7. Derin P, Demir Yetiş A, Yeşilnacar MI, Yapıcıoğlu P. GAP’ın en büyük sulama sahasında jeotermal sulardan kaynaklanan potansiyel ağır metal kirliliğinin araştırılması. Turk Jeol Bült, 2020; 63: 125-36.
8. Yeşilnacar MI, Demir Yetiş A, Dülgergil CT, Kumral M, Atasoy AD, Rastgeldi Doğan T, et al. Geomedical assessment of an area having high fluoride groundwater in southeastern Turkey. Environ Earth Scis, 2016; 75: 162.

9. Selek Z, Yetis AD. Assessment of nitrate
10. contamination in a transnational groundwater
11. basin: a case study in the Ceylanpinar Plain,
12. Turkey. Environ Earth Sci, 2017; 76, 698.
13. Kahraman N, Karabulut YB, Atasoy AD, Yeşilnacar
14. MI. Harran ovası serbest akiferinde yaz ve kış dönemleri nitrat kirliliğinin araştırılması (2014- 2015); HU J Eng, 2016; 02: 01-8.
15. Yetis R, Atasoy AD, Demir Yetis A, Yesilnacar MI.
16. Balıklıgöl havzası su kaynaklarının nitrat ve nitrit seviyelerinin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üni Müh Mimar Fak Derg, 2018; 33(1): 47-54.
17. Demir Yetiş A, Yeşilnacar MI, Selek Z. Sınır aşan bir
18. Yeraltı suyu havzasında su kalitesinin belirlenmesi Ceylanpınar ovası örneği. Çukurova Üni Fen Bil Derg, 2015; 32.
19. Demir Yetiş A, Yeşilnacar MI, Selek Z. Ceylanpınar
20. Ovası’nda yeraltı suyu tuzluluğunun coğrafi bilgi sistemi destekli incelenmesi. İklim Değ Çevre, 2018; 3(1): 51–9.
21. Yesilnacar MI, Gulluoglu MS. The effects of the
22. largest irrigation of GAP project on groundwater quality, Sanlıurfa- Harran Plain, Turkey - Fresenius Environ Bull, 2007; 16(2): 206-11.
23. Şahan S, Yılmaz Ş, Topal S, Özarslan F, Çeliker- Yenice A, Cemil-Göktaş D, et al. Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesinde görülen akut barsak enfeksiyonu vaka artışı incelemesi, Ağustos 2016. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 2017; 74 (EK-1): 13-20.
24. Çankayalı S, Topbaş M, Yavuzyılmaz A, Yeşilbaş Üçüncü Ş, Karakullukçu S, Kolaylı CC, et al. Trabzon halk çeşmelerinin fiziksel, kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 2017; 74(EK-1): 21-8.
25. Temel istatistik bilgiler nüfus ve demografi. http:// www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist); 2018, (Erişim Tarihi:10.10.2019).
26. Söderbergh MS, Bylund J, Malm A, Simonsson, M. Gastrointestinal illness linked to incidents in drinking water distribution networks in Sweden. Water Res, 2017; 122: 503-11.