MICROFLUIDIC TECHNOLOGY AND ITS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Microfluidics is the field of handling small volume of fluids and/or manipulating micron-size and submicron-size particles in a microchannel. Microfluidic devices require only small amounts of samples and can run the process in a short period of time. These features have made Microfluidics a powerful technique in lab-on-chip and biomedical applications. These microsystems play important roles in tissue engineering, drug screening, determining the point-of-care diagnoses, and also generating clinically relevant tumor microenvironment for cancer studies. The current paper focuses on the studies conducted on transportation of fluids and particles in small scale systems. It will also introduce the latest developments of the microfluidic components and will provide several biomedical applications of such devices.

Keywords

• Microfluidics, Biomedical application, Induced-charge Electrokinetics

References

1. F. F. Reuss, "Sur un nouvel effet de 1'electricite galvanique," in Imperial Russian Naturalist Society, Moscow, 1809, pp. 327-337.
2. C. J. Easley, J. M. Karlinsey, J. M. Bienvenue, L. A. Legendre, M. G. Roper, S. H. Feldman, M. A. Hughes, E. L. Hewlett, T. J. Merkel, J. P. Ferrance and J. P. Landers, "A fully integrated microfluidic genetic analysis system with sample-in-answer-out capability," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 103, pp. 19272-19277, 2006.
3. M. L. Chabinyc, D. T. Chiu, J. C. McDonald, A. D. Stroock, J. F. Christian, A. M. Karger and G. M. Whitesides, "An integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) for microfluidic applications," Anal. Chem., vol. 73, pp. 4491-4498, 2001. system in with Charge-Selective
4. Cabrera C.R., Yager P., Continuous Concentration of Bacteria in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Using Electrokinetic Techniques, Electrophoresis, vol. 22, pp. 355–362, 2001.
5. Y. Daghighi, D. Li, Numerical studies of electrokinetic control of DNA concentration in a closed-end microchannel, Electrophoresis, vol. 31, pp. 868–878, 2010.
6. Wainright A., Stephen J.W., Ciambrone G., Xue Q.F., Wei J., Harris D., Sample Pre-Concentration by Isotachophoresis in Microfluidic Devices, Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 979, 69–80, 2002.
7. H. Jiang, Y. Daghighi, C.h. Chon, and D. Li, "Concentrating Molecules in a Simple Microchannel", J. Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 347(2), pp. 324-331, 2010.
8. A. D. Stroock, S. K. Dertinger, G. M. Whitesides and A. Ajdari, "Patterning flows using grooved surfaces," Anal. Chem., vol. 74, pp. 5306-5312, 2002.

9. H. Chen and J. -. Meiners, "Topologic mixing on a microfluidic chip," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 2193- 2195, 2004.
10. A. D. Stroock, S. K. W. Dertinger, A. Ajdari, I. Mezić, H. A. Stone and G. M. Whitesides, "Chaotic mixer for microchannels," Science, vol. 295, pp. 647-651, 2002.
11. H. J. Kim and A. Beskok, "Quantification of chaotic strength and mixing in a micro fluidic system," J Micromech Microengineering, vol. 17, pp. 2197-2210, 2007.
12. D. A. Boy and B. D. Storey, "Electrohydrodynamic instabilities in microchannels with time periodic forcing," Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 76, 2007.
13. F. Zhang, Y. Daghighi and D. Li, "Control of flow rate and concentration in microchannel branches by induced-charge electrokinetic flow," J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 364, pp. 588-593, 2011.
14. C. K. Harnett, J. Templeton, K. A. Dunphy-Guzman, Y. M. Senousy and M. P. Kanouff, "Model based design of a microfluidic electroosmosis," Lab on a Chip - Miniaturisation for driven Chemistry and Biology, vol. 8, pp. 565-572, 2008. charge
15. A. Ramos, A. González, A. Castellanos, N. G. Green and H. Morgan, "Pumping of liquids with ac voltages applied to asymmetric pairs of microelectrodes," Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 67, pp. 056302/1-056302/11, 2003.
16. Y. Daghighi and D. Li, "Numerical Study of a Novel Induced-Charge Electrokinetic Micro-Mixer," Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 763, pp. 28-37, 2013.
17. S. C. Terry, J. H. Jerman and J. B. Angell, "A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 26, pp. 1880-1886, 1979.
18. A. Meckes, J. Behrens, O. Kayser, W. Benecke, T. Becker and G. Müller, "Microfluidic system for the integration and cyclic operation of gas sensors," Sens Actuators A Phys, vol. 76, pp. 478-483, 1999.
19. B. Bae, N. Kim, H. Kee, S. -. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Lee and K. Park, "Feasibility test of an electromagnetically driven valve actuator for glaucoma treatment," J Microelectromech Syst, vol. 11, pp. 344-354, 2002.
20. C. Fu, Z. Rummler and W. Schomburg, "Magnetically driven micro ball valves fabricated by multilayer adhesive film bonding," J Micromech Microengineering, vol. 13, pp. S96-S102, 2003.
21. Y. Daghighi, Y. Gao and D. Li, "3D numerical study of induced-charge electrokinetic motion of heterogeneous particle in a microchannel," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 56, pp. 4254-4262, 2011.
22. Y. Daghighi, and D. Li, "Micro-Valve Using Induced- Charge Electrokinetic Motion of Janus Particle", Lab-on-A- Chip, vol. 11, pp. 2929-2940, 2011.
23. M. Jain, A. Yeung and K. Nandakumar, "Efficient micromixing using induced-charge electroosmosis," J Microelectromech Syst, vol. 18, pp. 376-384, 2009.
24. P. Benjamin, History of Electricity. NY: John Wiley, 1898.
25. M. Gad-el-Hak, "Fluid mechanics of microdevices-the freeman scholar lecture," J Fluids Eng Trans ASME, vol. 121, pp. 5-33, 1999.
26. L. Fan, Y. Tai and R. S. Muller, "INTEGRATED MOVABLE MICROMECHANICAL STRUCTURES FOR SENSORS AND ACTUATORS." IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 35, pp. 724-730, 1988.
27. W. S. N. Trimmer and K. J. Gabriel, "Micro Mechanical Domain." in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems and Control Division (Publication) DSC, 1987, pp. 393-396.
28. O. D. Jefimenko, Electrostatic Motors: Their History, Types, and Principles of Operation. Star City, LCCN 73180890: Electret Scientific Co., 1973.
29. B. Franklin and J. Sparks, The Works of Benjamin Franklin. Boston: Whittemore, News, and Hall, 1856. [34] Y. Daghighi, "Applications of Induced-Charge Electrokinetic in
30. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2nd Edition Springer US
31. New York, 201. Encyclopedia of