PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL - THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR HYBRID SYSTEM WITH ECONOMIC ASPECT

Abstract

Purpose of this paper is to evaluate phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) - thermoelectric generator hybrid system with economic and thermoeconomic point of view. Firstly, basic equations of PAFC, thermoelectric generator and hybrid system are described. Secondly, basic performance parameters like power output, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rates are investigated. Finally, cost equations are set up to determine economic results of the considered system, in addition to that, these system are considered by using EXCEM analysis. According to results, the maximum total cost of the hybrid system is obtained j= 10900 am^-2, exergy loss ratio to capital cost (ec) of the hybrid system increases dramatically after the point where is  j= 11000 am^-2. Maximum power density, maximum energy efficiency and of the hybrid system are 8735.340 wm^-2, 81.35% and 86.6% respectively.

Keywords

• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell,Thermoelectric Generator,Hybrid System,Economic Evaluation,EXCEM Analysis

References

1. [1] Zhao Y, Ou C, Chen J. (2008). A new analytical approach to model and evaluate the performance of a class of irreversible fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 4161 – 4170.
2. [2] Zhang X, Guo J, Chen J. (2010) . The parametric optimum analysis of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and its load matching, Energy, 35, 5294-5299.
3. [3] Zhang H, Lin G, Chen J. (2011). Performance analysis and multi-objective optimization of a new molten carbonate fuel cell system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 4015 – 4021.
4. [4] Zhang H, Chen L, Zhang J, Chen J. (2014). Performance analysis of a direct carbon fuel cell with molten carbonate electrolyte, Energy, 68, 1-9.
5. [5] Zhang H, Lin G, Chen J. (2012). Multi-objective optimization analysis and load matching of a phosphoric acid fuel cell system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 3438-3446.
6. [6] Yang P, Zhang H, Hu Z. (2016). Parametric study of a hybrid system integrating a phosphoric acid fuel cell with an absorption refrigerator for cooling purposes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, 3579 -3590.
7. [7] Chen X , Wang Y, Zahao Y, Zhou Y. (2016). A study of double functions and load matching of a phosphoric acid fuel cell/heat-driven refrigerator hybrid system, Energy 101, 359-365.
8. [8] Chen L, Zhang H,Gao S, Yan H. (2014)., Performance optimum analysis of an irreversible molten carbonate fuel cell - Stirling heat engine hybrid system, Energy 64, 923-930.

9. [9] Chen L, Gao S, Zhang H. (2013). Performance Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of an Irreversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Stirling Heat Engine Hybrid System, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 10772 - 10787.
10. [10]Açıkkalp E., Thermo-environmental performance analysis of irreversible solid oxide fuel cell – Stirling heat engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, article in press DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2017.1345011.
11. [11] Yang P, Zhang H. (2015). Parametric analysis of an irreversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell/absorption refrigerator hybrid system, Energy, 85, 458-467.
12. [12] Zhao Y, Chen J. (2009). Modeling and optimization of a typical fuel cell–heat engine hybrid system and its parametric design criteria, Journal of Power Sources, 186, 96–103.
13. [13] Zhang H, Lin G, Chen J. (2011). Performance Evaluation and Parametric Optimum Criteria of an Irreversible Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell-Heat Engine Hybrid System, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci,. 6, 4714 - 4729.
14. [14] Zhang X, Chen J. (2010). Performance analysis and parametric optimum criteria of a class of irreversible fuel cell/heat engine hybrid systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35, 284 – 293.
15. [15] Zhang X,Wang Y, Guo J, Shih T-M, Chen J. (2014). A unified model of high-temperature fuel-cell heat engine hybrid systems and analyses of its optimum performances, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 1811 –1825.
16. [16] Zhang X, Su S, Chen J, Zhao Y, Brandon N. (2011), A new analytical approach to evaluate and optimize the performance of an irreversible solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 15304 –15312.
17. [17] Haseli H, Dincer I, Naterer GF. (2008). Thermodynamic analysis of a combined gas turbine power system with a solid oxide fuel cell through exergy, Thermochimica Acta, 480, 1–9.
18. [18] Açıkkalp E. (2017). Ecologic and Sustainable Objective Thermodynamic Evaluation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell - Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle Hybrid System, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42, 6272-6280.
19. [19] Haseli H, Dincer I, Naterer GF. (2008). Thermodynamic modeling of a gas turbine cycle combined with a solid oxide fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 5811 –5822.
20. [20] Açıkkalp E. (2017). Performance analysis of irreversible solid oxide fuel cell – Brayton heat engine with ecological based thermo-environmental criterion, Energy Conversion and Management, 148, 279-286.
21. [21] Zhang X, Guo J, Chen J. (2012). Influence of multiple irreversible losses on the performance of a molten carbonate fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, 8664 –8671.
22. [22] Sánchez D, Chacartegui R, Jiménez-Espadafor F, Sánchez T. (2009). A new concept for high temperature fuel cell hybrid systems using supercritical carbon dioxide, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol., 6, 021306.
23. [23] Sanchez D, Munoz de Escalona J.M, Chacartegui R, Munoz A., Sanchez T. (2011). A comparison between molten carbonate fuel cells based hybrid systems using air and supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycles with state of the art technology, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 4347–4354.
24. [24] Zhang X, Liu H, Ni M, Chen J. (2015). Performance evaluation and parametric optimum design of a syngas molten carbonate fuel cell and gas turbine hybrid system, Renewable Energy, 80, 407-414.
25. [25] Mehrpooya M ,Bahramian P, Pourfayaz F, Rosen M.A. Introducing and analysis of a hybrid molten carbonate fuel cell-supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle system, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 18 (2016) 100–106.
26. [26] Zhang H, Su S, Lin G, Chen J. (2012). Performance Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Braysson Heat Engine Hybrid System, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, 3420 - 3435.
27. [27] Açıkkalp E. (2017). Performance analysis of irreversible molten carbonate fuel cell – Braysson heat engine with ecological objective approach, Energy Conversion and Management, 13, 2432–2437
28. [28] Huang C, Pan Y, Wang Y, Su G, Chen J. (2016). An efficient hybrid system using a thermionic generator to harvest waste heat from a reforming molten carbonate fuel cell, Energy Conversion and Management 121, 186–193.
29. [29 ]Mahmoudi S.M.S., Ghavimi A.R. (2016). Thermoeconomic analysis and multi objective optimization of a molten carbonate fuel cell – Supercritical carbon dioxide – Organic Rankine cycle integrated power system using liquefied natural gas as heat sink, Applied Thermal Engineering, 107, 1219–1232.
30. [30] Chen L, Gong J, Sun F, Wu C. (2002). Effect of heat transfer on the performance of thermoelectric generators, Int J ThermSci, 41(1), 95–99.
31. [31] Meng F, Chen L, Sun F. (2010). Effects of heat reservoir temperatures on the performance of thermoelectric heat pump driven by thermoelectric generator, Int J Low-Carbon Technol,. 5(4),273–82.
32. [32] Meng F, Chen L, Sun F, Wu C. (2009), Thermodynamic analysis and optimisation of a new-type thermoelectric heat pump driven by a thermoelectric generator, Int J Ambient Energy, 30(2), 95–101.
33. [33]Chen L, Meng F, Sun F. Effect of heat transfer on the performance of thermoelectric generator-driven thermoelectric refrigerator system. Cryogenics 2012;52(1):58–65. [34] Kaushik S, Manikandan S, Hans R. (2015). Energy and exergy analysis of thermoelectric heat pump system, Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 86, 843–52.
34. [35] Arora R, Kaushik SC, Arora R. (2015). Multi-objective and multi-parameter optimization of two-stage thermoelectric generator in electrically series and parallel configurations through NSGA-II, Energy, 30(91), 242–254.
35. [36] Manikandan., Kaushik S.C. (2015). Thermodynamic studies and maximum power point tracking in thermoelectric generator–thermoelectric cooler combined system, Cryogenics, 6752–6762.
36. [37] Meng F K, Chen L G, Sun F R. (2011). A numerical model and comparative investigation of a thermoelectric generator with multi-irreversibilities, Energy, 36(5), 3513-3522.
37. [38] Chen L G, Meng F K, Sun F R. (2012). Maximum power and efficiency of an irreversible thermoelectric generator with a generalized heat transfer law, Scientia Iranica, Transaction B: Mechanical Engineering, 19 (5), 1337-1345
38. [39] Chen L G, Meng F K, Sun F R. (2013). Internal and external simultaneous optimization of an irreversible multielement thermoelectric generator for maximum power output, International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 8 (3), 188-196.
39. [40] Meng F K, Chen L G, Sun F R, Yang B. (2014). Thermoelectric power generation driven by blast furnace slag flushing water, Energy, 66, 965-972.
40. [41] Xiong B, Chen L G, Meng F K, Sun F R. (2014). Modeling and performance analysis of a two-stage thermoelectric energy harvesting system from blast furnace slag water waste heat, Energy, 77, 562-569.
41. [42] Chen L G, Meng F K, Sun F R. (2016). Thermodynamic analyses and optimizations for thermoelectric devices: the state of the arts, Science China: Technological Sciences, 59(3), 442-455.
42. [43] Meng F K, Chen L G, Sun F R. (2016). Effects of thermocouples physical dimension on the performance of TEG-TEH system, International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 11(3), 375-382.
43. [44] Meng F K, Chen L G, Feng Y L, Xiong B. (2017). Thermoelectric generator for industrial gas phase waste heat recovery, Energy, 135, 83-90.
44. [45] Meng F K, Chen L G, Xie Z H, Ge Y L. (2017). Thermoelectric generator with air-cooling heat recovery device from wastewater, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 4, 106-112.
45. [46] Chen X , Wang Y, Cai L, Zhou Y. (2015), Maximum power output and load matching of a phosphoric acid fuel cell-thermoelectric generator hybrid system, Journal of Power Sources 294, 430-436.
46. [47] Zhao M , Zhang H, Hua Z, Zhang Z, Zhang J. (2015). Performance characteristics of a direct carbon fuel cell/thermoelectric generator hybrid system, Energy Conversion and Management 89, 683–689.
47. [48] Chen X, Chen L, Guo J, Chen J. (2011). An available method exploiting the waste heat in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, 6099 – 6104.
48. [49] Feng H J, Chen L G, Xie Z H, Sun F R. (2015). Constructal optimization for a single tubular solid oxide fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 286, 406-413.
49. [50] Abbas S. S., Ahmadi M.H., Ahmadi M.A. (2015). Optimization performance and thermodynamic analysis of an irreversible nano scale Brayton cycle operating with Maxwell–Boltzmann gas, Energy Conversion and Management 101, 592-605.
50. [51] Ahmadi M H., Ahmad M.A., Pourfayaz F., Bidi M. (2016). Thermodynamic analysis and optimization for an irreversible heat pump working on reversed Brayton cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 110, 260-267.
51. [52] Ahmadi M.H, Ahmadi M.A,. (2016). Multi objective optimization of performance of three-heat-source irreversible refrigerators based algorithm NSGAII, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 784-794.
52. [53] Ahmadi M.H., Sayyaadi H, Hosseinzadeh H. (2015). Optimization of Output Power and Thermal Efficiency of Solar‐Dish Stirling Engine Using Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis, Heat Transfer—Asian Research 44, 347-376.
53. [54] Dincer I , Rosen M.A, Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Elsevier Science, 2 edition.
54. [55] Aminyavari M., Haghighat A, Mamaghani A. S., Najafi B, Rinaldi F. (2016). Exergetic, economic, and environmental evaluations and multi-objective optimization of an internal-reforming SOFC-gas turbine cycle coupled with a Rankine cycle, Applied Thermal Engineering 108, 833–846.
55. [56] Kwak H-Y, Lee H-S, Jung J-Y, Jeon J-S, Park D-R (2004) . Exergetic and thermoeconomic analysis of a 200-kW phosphoric acid fuel cell plant, Fuel 83, 2087–2094. [57] Staffell I, Green R. (2013). The cost of domestic fuel cell micro-CHP systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 1088-1102.
56. [58]https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/QTR%20Ch8%20%20Thermoelectic%20Materials%20TA%20Feb-13-2015.pdf (access date, 07.04.2017).
57. [59] Kazim A., (2005). Exergoeconomic analysis of a PEM fuel cell at various operating conditions, Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 1073–1081.