SHIPPING EMISSION DISPERSIONS ON THE PORT OF AMBARLI VIA CFD MODELLING

Abstract

Maritime transportation is taken into account as an environmentally friendly transportation option. Approximately 90% of the world trade is done by sea transportation and growing of globalized world conditions increase shipping and port emissions. The use of heavy fuels on ships and the positioning of port areas close to the habitats affect the health of people living in coastal cities. Accordingly; NOx, SOx, PM and CO2 emissions are especially limited for international regulations by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU). In this study, real-time air quality measurements of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO and NO2 emissions are performed for three months where the measurement tool is located in the Port of Ambarlı, Marport Terminal. The ships are monitoring during berth and manoeuvring around the critical dates and times at the terminal. The hourly values of real-time emission data measurements are shown for 25 May to 15 August 2017. Critical dates and times which are the highest value of the all emissions are determined between measured dates. SO2, NO, CO and CO2 emissions are investigated for different wind speeds using a single ship positioned at different angles and two ship models in different operating modes via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling.

Keywords

• Shipping Emissions,Ports,CFD,Green Shipping

References

1. [1] Li Q, Jacob DJ, Bey I, Palmer PI, Duncan BN, Field BD, et al. Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America. J Geophys Res Atmos 2002;107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001422.
2. [2] Ünlügençoğlu K, Alarçin F, Kökkülünk G. Estimation of Shipping Emissions via Novel Developed Data Collecting and Calculation Software: A Case Study for the Region of Ambarli Port. Int J Glob Warm 2019;19:293–307. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2019.10022955.
3. [3] Ünlügençoğlu K, Alarçin F. The Assessment of Air Quality in the Port of Ambarlı and Several Districts of Istanbul. Int J Glob Warm 2020;20:1. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2020.10024910.
4. [4] Ekmekçioğlu A, Ünlügençoğlu K, Çelebi UB. SHIP EMISSION ESTIMATION FOR IZMIR AND MERSIN INTERNATIONAL PORTS – TURKEY 2019;5:184–95.
5. [5] Alver F, Saraç BA, Alver Şahin Ü. Estimating of shipping emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010 to 2015. Atmos Pollut Res 2018;9:822–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.02.003.
6. [6] Simonsen M, Gössling S, Walnum HJ. Cruise ship emissions in Norwegian waters: A geographical analysis. J Transp Geogr 2019;78:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.014.
7. [7] Nunes RAO, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Sousa SIV. Environmental and social valuation of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. J Environ Manage 2019;235:62–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.039.
8. [8] López-Aparicio S, Tønnesen D, Thanh TN, Neilson H. Shipping emissions in a Nordic port: Assessment of mitigation strategies. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 2017;53:205–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.021.

9. [9] Tichavska M, Tovar B. Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 2015;78:347–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.021.
10. [10] Styhre L, Winnes H, Black J, Lee J, Le-Griffin H. Greenhouse gas emissions from ships in ports – Case studies in four continents. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 2017;54:212–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.033.
11. [11] Langella G, Iodice P, Amoresano A, Senatore A. Marine Engines Emission and Dispersion in Fuel Switching Operation: A Case Study for the Port of Naples. Energy Procedia 2016;101:368–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.047.
12. [12] Tichavska M, Tovar B. Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions in Las Palmas Port. Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev 2015;83:126–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.09.002.
13. [13] Georgakaki A, Coffey RA, Lock G, Sorenson SC. Transport and Environment Database System (TRENDS): Maritime air pollutant emission modelling. Atmos Environ 2005;39:2357–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.038.
14. [14] Dulebenets MA. Green vessel scheduling in liner shipping: Modeling carbon dioxide emission costs in sea and at ports of call. Int J Transp Sci Technol 2018;7:26–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2017.09.003.
15. [15] Winnes H, Styhre L, Fridell E. Reducing GHG emissions from ships in port areas. Res Transp Bus Manag 2015;17:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2015.10.008.
16. [16] Adamo F, Andria G, Cavone G, De Capua C, Lanzolla AML, Morello R, et al. Estimation of ship emissions in the port of Taranto. Meas J Int Meas Confed 2014;47:982–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.09.012.
17. [17] Van Hooff T, Blocken B, Tominaga Y. On the accuracy of CFD simulations of cross-ventilation flows for a generic isolated building: Comparison of RANS, LES and experiments. Build Environ 2017;114:148–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.019.
18. [18] Gousseau P, Blocken B, Stathopoulos T, van Heijst GJF. Near-field pollutant dispersion in an actual urban area: Analysis of the mass transport mechanism by high-resolution Large Eddy Simulations. Comput Fluids 2015;114:151–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2015.02.018.
19. [19] Amorim JH, Rodrigues V, Tavares R, Valente J, Borrego C. CFD modelling of the aerodynamic effect of trees on urban air pollution dispersion. Sci Total Environ 2013;461–462:541–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.031.
20. [20] Zhong J, Cai XM, Bloss WJ. Modelling the dispersion and transport of reactive pollutants in a deep urban street canyon: Using large-eddy simulation. Environ Pollut 2015;200:42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.009.
21. [21] Hajra B, Stathopoulos T, Bahloul A. The effect of upstream buildings on near-field pollutant dispersion in the built environment. Atmos Environ 2011;45:4930–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.008.
22. [22] Fameli KM, Kotrikla AM, Psanis C, Biskos G, Polydoropoulou A. Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece. Environ Pollut 2019:113598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113598.