MECHANİCAL CHANGES AND ANALYSİS OF HEAT-TREATED 4140 STEEL WİTH TAGUCHİ METHOD AND ANOVA

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 30.06.2023

Halil İbrahim Kurt Utku Berk Akyüz Engin Ergül

Abstract

In this work, the heat treatment process is applied on the 4140 steel to see how the samples show mechanical changes under various conditions. The samples have a height and diameter of 20 mm and 10 mm. The samples are heated up to 800 and 850 °C and then cooled in oil or oil and water mixture. The samples are annealed at 150 and 300 degrees for 1 and 3 hours, respectively. After these stages, the microscope images of the samples are taken by optical and SEM microscopes. In addition to these, hardness test is conducted on the specimens and results are analyzed by Taguchi method with ANOVA. As a result of these tests, the properties of the samples are fixed and discussed. The process variations affected the hardness values of the samples. The maximum hardness is obtained on the sample the hardened in the mixture of the oil and water. The DOE analysis confirmed the experimental results and showed the minimum error and maximum consistency

Keywords

4140 Steel, Heat Treatment, Tempering, Taguchi, ANOVA

References

• 1. Nayar, A., The steel handbook, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 2002
• 2. ASM International Handbook Committee, Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials, ASM International, 1992, 2, 1143-1144
• 3. ASM International Handbook Committee, ASM Handbook, Properties and Selection Iron Steels and High Performance Alloys, vol. 1, 1990
• 4. Gur, A.K., Ozay, C., Orhan, A., Buytoz, S., Caligulu, U., and Yigitturk, N., Wear properties of Fe-Cr-C and B4C powder coating on AISI 316 stainless steel analyzed by the Taguchi method, Materialpruefung/Materials Testing, 2014, 56(5):393–398
• 5. Ergul, E., Kurt, H.I., Oduncuoglu, M., Civi, C., and Eyici, G., Investigation of wear weight loss in aluminum matrix composites, 2020, 3(2):160-170
• 6. Kurt, H.I., Oduncuoğlu, M., and Asmatulu, R., Wear Behavior of Aluminum Matrix Hybrid Composites Fabricated through Friction Stir Welding Process, 2016, 23(10):1119-1126
• 7. Ergul, E., Kurt, H.I., Civi, C., and Eyici, G., Wear Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Al2024 Composites, El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2020, 7(3):1008-1016
• 8. Manikonda, R.D., Kosaraju, S., Raj, K.A., and Sateesh, N., Wear Behavior Analysis of Silica Carbide Based Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites, in Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 5(9):20104-20109
• 9. Totten, G.E., and MacKenzie, D.S., Handbook of Aluminum, in Physical Metallurgy and Processes, CRC press, 2003, 1
• 10. Prabhudev, K.H., Handbook of Heat Treatment of Steels, 1988, 1
• 11. ASM International Handbook Committee, ASM Handbook, Metallography, Structures and Phase Diagrams, vol. 8, 1973
• 12. Altunpak, Y., and Akbulut, H., Al2O3 Kısa Fiber Takviyeli LM 13 Alüminyum Alaşımının Eğilme Dayanımına Yaşlandırma Isıl İşeminin Etkisi, El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2019, 6(1):175–180
• 13. Totten, G.E., and Howes, M.A.H., Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, 2nd ed. 1997
• 14. Tecer, M.M., Effects of various heat treatment procedures on the toughness of AISI 4140 low alloy steel, The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology, 2020, 3(2):131–149
• 15. Verma, A., and Singh, P.K., Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of AISI 1040 Steel, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2013, 10(2):32–38
• 16. Çalıgülü, U., Aras, M., and Türkmen, M., Temperleme işleminin yağda soğutulan çeliklerin mikroyapı ve sertlik özelliklerine etkisi. In 4th International Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Science (ISITES2016), 3-5 Nov 2016, Antalya-Turkey, 2016
• 17. Rahman, S.M.M., Karim, K.E., and Simanto, M.H.S., Effect of Heat Treatment on Low Carbon Steel: An Experimental Investigation, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2016, 860, 7–12
• 18. Sanij, M. K., Banadkouki, S. G., Mashreghi, A. R., and Moshrefifar, M., The effect of single and double quenching and tempering heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 4140 steel. Materials & Design, 2012, 42, 339-346
• 19. Badaruddin, M., Wardono, H., Wang, C. J., and Rivai, A. K., Improvement of low-cycle fatigue resistance in AISI 4140 steel by annealing treatment. International Journal of Fatigue, 2019, 125, 406-417
• 20. Kaya, A., Aslan, M., Yilmaz, N. F., and Kurt, H. I., Al-Mg-SiC Kompozitlerin Görünür Yoğunluklarının Taguchi Analizi, El-Cezeri, 2020, 7(2):773–780
• 21. Ergul, E., and Kurt, H. I., Al Matrisli Kompozitlere ANFIS, ANN ve Taguchi Yaklaşımları Uygulanarak Özelliklerin Karşılaştırılması, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2021, 13(2):406–416
• 22. Kurt, H.I., Oduncuoglu, M., and Yilmaz, N.F., ANN in estimation shear modulus of laminate composite, The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology (TIJMET), 2018, 1(1):1-5
• 23. Kurt, H. I., and Oduncuoglu, M., Application of a Neural Network Model for Prediction of Wear Properties of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Composites, Int J Polym Sci, 2015
• 24. Rathore, S.S., Salve, M.M., and Dabhade, V.V., Effect of molybdenum addition on the mechanical properties of sinter-forged Fe-Cu-C alloys, J Alloys Compd, 2015, 649, 988–995
• 25. Lin, H., Wang, C., Yuan, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, Q., and Xiong, W., Tool wear in Ti-6Al-4V alloy turning under oils on water cooling comparing with cryogenic air mixed with minimal quantity lubrication, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2015, 81(1):87–101
• 26. Dhua, S.K., Mukerjee, D., and Sarma, D.S., Effect of cooling rate on the as-quenched microstructure and mechanical properties of HSLA-100 steel plates, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2003, 34(11):2493–2504
• 27. Tavares, S. S. M., Noris, L. F., Pardal, J. M., & da Silva, M. R., Temper embrittlement of supermartensitic stainless steel and non-destructive inspection by magnetic Barkhausen noise, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, 100, 322-328
• 28. Berns, H., and Theisen, W., Ferrous materials: Steel and cast iron, Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, 2008
• 29. Meysami, A.H., Ghasemzadeh, R. Seyedein, S.H., and Aboutalebi, M.R., An investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of direct-quenched and tempered AISI 4140 steel, Mater Des, 2010, 31(3): 1570–1575
• 30. Lee, W.S., and Su, T.T., Mechanical properties and microstructural features of AISI 4340 high-strength alloy steel under quenched and tempered conditions, J Mater Process Technol, 1999, 87(1-3):198–206
• 31. Chen, Y., Tam, S., Chen, W.L., and Zheng, H.Y., Application of the Taguchi method in the optimization of laser micro–engraving of photomasks, International Journal of Materials & Product Technology, 2014
• 32. Thakur, A., Rao, T., Mukhedkar, M., and Nandedkar, V., Application of Taguchi method for resistance spot welding of galvanized steel, 2010
• 33. Adin, M.S., and Iscan, B., Optimization of process parameters of medium carbon steel joints joined by MIG welding using Taguchi method, European Mechanical Science, 2022, 6(1):17–26
• 34. Rooprai, R.S., Singh, H., Singh, T., and Singla, Y.K., Analysis of the wear properties of through hardened AISI-4140 alloy steel using Taguchi technique, Mater Today Proc, 2022, 50, 661–664