Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics in a Rectangular Clarifier under Earthquake-Induced Sloshing

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 111 - 138, 01.05.2023

Murat Aksel

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1268771

Abstract

Wastewater treatment plants, which play a crucial role in protecting the hydrosphere, are earthquake-prone infrastructures with large tanks and sensitive equipment. Damage to the structures in such facilities during seismic activity on the lithosphere can cause environmental pollution and threaten public health. Since the units/tanks in the treatment plants are not of different geometries and sizes, they may exceed the freeboard of the wave height due to the sloshing event. In this study, the sloshing dynamics of a rectangular type of clarifier were investigated. First, numerical parameters, boundaries, and initial conditions were validated using the results of an experimental campaign. Secondly, model conditions were kept constant, and geometry was enlarged (i.e., scaled-up) to investigate the variation of hydrodynamic forces near vulnerable equipment (such as scrapers and weirs) in clarifier. The numerical model was run for characteristics of two different earthquakes (i.e., Chi Chi-1999 and Kocaeli-1999). The results showed that dynamic pressure values near vulnerable equipment increased up to 120 times higher than the operating conditions. The maximum sloshing wave heights were calculated as 1.2 m and 1.45 m for Chi Chi (1999) and Kocaeli (1999) earthquakes, respectively.

Keywords

Natural disasters, earthquake, treatment plant, sloshing, public and environment health

References

• EERI, “Earthquake of January 17, 1995: Reconnaissance Report,” Oakland, California, USA, 1995.
• EERI, “The Nisqually Earthquake of 28 February 2001: Preliminary Reconnaissance Report,” Oakland, California, USA, 2001.
• C. Strand and J. Masek, “Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004 Lifeline Performance,” Reston, VA, USA, 2007.
• R. Kayen et al., “Investigation of the M6.6 Niigata-Chuetsu Oki, Japan, Earthquake of July 16, 2007, Report 2007-1365,” 2007.
• A. K. Tang and A. Schiff, “Kashiwazaki, Japan, Earthquake of July 16, 2007, Lifeline Performance,” Reston VA, USA, 2010.
• N. L. Evans and C. Mc Ghie, “The performance of lifeline utilities following the 27th February 2010 Maule Earthquake Chile,” 2011.
• A. K. Tang, P. Eng, C. Eng, and F. Asce, “Lifelines Performance of the Mw 8.8 off Shore Biobío, Chile Earthquake,” Procedia Eng., vol. 14, pp. 922–930, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.116.
• EERI, “El Mayor Cucapah, Baja California Earthquake of April 4, 2010: Reconnaissance Report,” Oakland, California, USA, 2010.
• J. Eidinger and M. Yashinsky, “Oil and water system performance – Denali M 7.9 earthquake of November 3, 2002. In: Yashinsky, M. (Ed.), 2004. San Simeon Earthquake of December 22, 2003 and Denali, Alaska, Earthquake of November 3, 2002,” Reston VA, USA, 2004.
• D. G. Wareham and M. Bourke, “The 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes: impact on the liquid waste management system of Christchurch, New Zealand,” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–14, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1080/10286608.2012.709507.
• J. Eindinger, “Performance of water systems in the Mw 8.4 Atico (Perù) earthquake of June 23, 2001. In: Edwards, C.L. (Ed.), 2002. Atico, Peru, Mw 8.4 Earthquake of June 23, 2001: Lifeline Performance,” 2001.
• J. Eindinger and A. K. Tang, “Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake Sequence of Mw 7.1 September 04, 2010 Mw 6.3 February 22, 2011 Mw 6.0 June 13, 2011: Lifeline Performance,” Reston, VA, USA, 2012.
• M. Erdik, “Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) Earthquakes,” 1999.
• A. Panico et al., “Evaluating the structural priorities for the seismic vulnerability of civilian and industrial wastewater treatment plants,” Saf. Sci., vol. 97, pp. 51–57, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.030.
• S. Kuraoka and J. H. Rainer, “Damage to water distribution system caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake,” Can. J. Civ. Eng., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 665–677, Jun. 1996, doi: 10.1139/l96-882.
• A. J. Schiff, “Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe), Earthquake of January 17, 1995, Lifeline Performance,” 1998.
• A. Rodriguez-Marek, J. Williams, J. Wartman, and P. Repetto, “Ground motion and site response Southern Peru Earthquake of June 21, 2001 Reconnaissance Report,” 2003.
• M. Yashinsky, “San Simeon Earthquake of December 22, 2003, and Denali, Alaska, Earthquake of November 3, 2002,” Reston, VA, USA, 2004.
• NIST, “Disaster Resilience Framework (Draft),” 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/el/building_materials/resilience/Disaster_Resilience_Chapter_9_Water_and_Wastewater_50-Draft_102014.pdf.
• D. Ballantyne and C. Crouse, “Reliability and Restoration of Water Supply Systems for Fire Supression and Drinking Following Earthquakes,” 1997.
• NIST, “The January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (kobe) Earthquake: Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Systems,” 1996.
• J. Meneses et al., The El Mayor Cucapah , Baja California Earthquake The El Mayor Cucapah , Exponent Failure Analysis Associates. 2010.
• K. Kakderi and S. Argyroudis, “Fragility Functions of Water and Waste-Water Systems,” in Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 27, 2014, pp. 221–258.
• A. Panico, G. Lanzano, E. Salzano, F. S. De Magistris, and G. Fabbrocino, “Seismic vulnerability of wastewater treatment plants,” Chem. Eng. Trans., vol. 32, no. January, pp. 13–18, 2013, doi: 10.3303/CET1332003.
• X. Y. Wang and A. M. Fu, “Earthquake Impact on the Sewage Treatment Plant and Emergency Measures,” Adv. Mater. Res., vol. 243–249, pp. 5076–5079, May 2011, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.243-249.5076.
• M. N. Alpaslan, D. Dölgen, and H. Sarptaş, Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri Tasarım ve İşletme Esasları. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Çevre Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (ÇEVMER), 2004.
• I. Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse. Fourth edition / revised by George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L. Burton, H. David Stensel. Boston : McGraw-Hill, [2003] ©2003, 2003.
• J. H. Jung, H. S. Yoon, and C. Y. Lee, “Effect of natural frequency modes on sloshing phenomenon in a rectangular tank,” Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 580–594, May 2015, doi: 10.1515/ijnaoe-2015-0041.
• A. VakilaadSarabi and M. Miyajima, “Study of the Sloshing of Water Reservoirs and Tanks due to Long Period and Long Duration Seismic Motions,” 2012.
• R. Ibrahim, “LIQUID SLOSHING,” S. B. T.-E. of V. Braun, Ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2001, pp. 726–740.
• H. Olsen and K. R. Johnsen, “Nonlinear sloshing in rectangular tanks. A pilot study on the applicability of analytical models,” 1975.
• O. F. Rognebakke, “Sloshing in rectangular tanks and interaction with ship motions,” Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2002.
• L. Ren, Y. Zou, J. Tang, X. Jin, D. Li, and M. Liu, “Numerical Modeling of Coupled Surge-Heave Sloshing in a Rectangular Tank with Baffles,” Shock Vib., vol. 2021, p. 5545635, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/5545635.
• P. Disimile, J. Pyles, and N. Toy, “Hydraulic Jump Formation in Water Sloshing Within an Oscillating Tank,” J. Aircr. - J Aircr., vol. 46, pp. 549–556, Mar. 2009, doi: 10.2514/1.38493.
• T. Lee, Z. Zhou, and Y. Cao, “Numerical Simulations of Hydraulic Jumps in Water Sloshing and Water Impacting ,” J. Fluids Eng., vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 215–226, 2001, doi: 10.1115/1.1436097.
• S. Gurusamy, V. S. Sanapala, D. Kumar, and B. S. V Patnaik, “Sloshing dynamics of shallow water tanks: Modal characteristics of hydraulic jumps,” J. Fluids Struct., vol. 104, p. 103322, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2021.103322.
• P. J. Disimile and N. Toy, “The imaging of fluid sloshing within a closed tank undergoing oscillations,” Results Eng., vol. 2, p. 100014, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100014.
• M. Aksel, “Dairesel Tipteki Çöktürme Havuzunun Deprem Altındaki Çalkalanma Analizi,” Türk Deprem Araştırma Derg., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 149–166, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.46464/tdad.1014192.
• P. Du et al., “Environmental risk evaluation to minimize impacts within the area affected by the Wenchuan earthquake,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 419, pp. 16–24, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.017.
• J. Lee, D. Perera, T. Glickman, and L. Taing, “Water-related disasters and their health impacts: A global review,” Prog. Disaster Sci., vol. 8, p. 100123, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100123.
• F. Maleki, S. Hemati, and R. Pourashraf, “Prevalence Waterborne Infections after Earthquakes Considered as Serious Threat to Increasing Victims in Disaster-Affected Areas,” Egypt. J. Vet. Sci., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 111–117, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.21608/ejvs.2019.18629.1114.
• E. J. Nelson, J. R. Andrews, S. Maples, M. Barry, and J. D. Clemens, “Is a Cholera Outbreak Preventable in Post-earthquake Nepal?,” PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., vol. 9, no. 8, p. e0003961, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003961.
• J. T. Watson, M. Gayer, and M. A. Connolly, “Epidemics after Natural Disasters,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–5, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060779.
• G. Yazici, A. K. Ö. Roglu, M. Aksel, and Y. H. Önen, “Seismic Vulnerability of Treatment Plants in Istanbul,” no. May, 2015.
• M. R. Zare, S. Wilkinson, and R. Potangaroa, “Vulnerability of Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater Pumping Stations to Earthquakes,” Int. J. Strateg. Prop. Manag., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 408–420, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.3846/ijspm.2010.30.
• K. Pitilakis, A. Anastasiadis, K. Kakderi, S. Argyroudis, and M. Alexoudi, Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Management of Lifelines, Infrastructures and Critical Facilities: The Case of Thessaloniki’s Metropolitan Area. 2007.
• FEMA, “Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology (HAZUS),” 2003.
• M. Liu, S. Giovinazzi, R. MacGeorge, and P. Beukman, “Wastewater Network Restoration Following the Canterbury, NZ Earthquake Sequence: Turning Post-Earthquake Recovery into Resilience Enhancement,” in International Efforts in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Dec. 2013, pp. 160–167, doi: 10.1061/9780784413234.021.
• J. E. Richardson and V. G. Panchang, “Three-Dimensional Simulation of Scour-Inducing Flow at Bridge Piers,” J. Hydraul. Eng., vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 530–540, May 1998, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:5(530).
• H. D. Smith and D. L. Foster, “Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder Over a Scoured Bed,” J. Waterw. Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 14–24, Jan. 2005, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2005)131:1(14).
• M. Ghasemi and S. Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, “The Scour Bridge Simulation around a Cylindrical Pier Using Flow-3D,” J. Hydrosci. Environ., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 46–54, 2017, doi: 10.22111/JHE.2017.3357.
• S. C. Chen and S. S. Tfwala, “Performance assessment of FLOW-3D and X flow in the numerical modelling of fish-bone type fishway hydraulics,” 7th IAHR Int. Symp. Hydraul. Struct. ISHS 2018, pp. 272–282, 2018, doi: 10.15142/T3HH1J.
• J. Li, S. Alinaghian, D. Joksimovic, and L. Chen, “An Integrated Hydraulic and Hydrologic Modeling Approach for Roadside Bio-Retention Facilities,” Water, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1248, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12051248.
• A. Bayon, D. Valero, R. García-Bartual, F. José Vallés-Morán, and P. A. López-Jiménez, “Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump,” Environ. Model. Softw., vol. 80, pp. 322–335, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.018.
• A. Najafi-Jilani, M. Z. Niri, and N. Naderi, “Simulating three dimensional wave run-up over breakwaters covered by antifer units,” Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 297–306, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0180.
• A. Musa, Y. Maliki, M. Ahmad, wan sani wan nik, O. Yaakob, and K. Samo, “Numerical Simulation of Wave Flow Over the Overtopping Breakwater for Energy Conversion (OBREC) Device,” Procedia Eng., vol. 194, pp. 166–173, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.131.
• M. Aksel, O. Yagci, V. S. O. Kirca, E. Erdog, and N. Heidari, “A comparative analysis of coherent structures around a pile over rigid-bed and scoured-bottom,” Ocean Eng., vol. 226, p. 108759, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108759.
• L. P. Martell, “Computational fluid dynamics techniques for fixed-bed biofilm systems modeling : numerical simulations and experimental characterization [en línea],” Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2018.
• M. Patziger, “Improving wastewater treatment plant performance by applying CFD models for design and operation: selected case studies,” Water Sci. Technol., vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 323–332, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.2166/wst.2021.019.
• Q. Plana, P. Lessard, and P. A. Vanrolleghem, “Dynamic grit chamber modelling: dealing with particle settling velocity distributions,” Water Sci. Technol., vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 1682–1699, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.2166/wst.2020.108.
• E. Wicklein et al., “Good modelling practice in applying computational fluid dynamics for WWTP modelling.,” Water Sci. Technol. a J. Int. Assoc. Water Pollut. Res., vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 969–982, 2016, doi: 10.2166/wst.2015.565.
• C. J. Brouckaert and C. A. Buckley, “The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Improving the Design and Operation of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants,” Water Sci. Technol., vol. 40, no. 4–5, pp. 81–89, Aug. 1999, doi: 10.2166/wst.1999.0578.
• C. Ma and M. Oka, “Numerical Investigation on Sloshing Pressure for Moss-Type LNG Tank Based on Different SPH Models .” Oct. 11, 2020.
• S. Ransau and E. Hansen, “Numerical Simulations of Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks,” Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1115/OMAE2006-92248.
• S. Brizzolara et al., “Comparison of experimental and numerical sloshing loads in partially filled tanks,” Anal. Des. Mar. Struct. Incl. CD-ROM, no. Lloyd 1989, pp. 13–26, 2009, doi: 10.1201/9780203874981.ch2.
• Flowscience, “Flow-3D User Manual.” 2019.
• G. Wei, “A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects in Fluid Flow,” Mod. Phys. Lett. B, vol. 19, no. 28, pp. 1719–1722, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1142/S021798490501030X.
• H. Coleman and C. Members, ASME V&V 20-2009 Standard for Verification and Validation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer (V&V20 Committee Chair and principal author). ASME, 2009.
• J. R. Merian, “Ueber die Bewegung tropfbarer Flüssigkeiten in Gefässen [On the motion of drippable liquids in containers],” 1828.
• O. Yagci, M. Aksel, F. Yorgun, and M. Valyrakis, “Analysis of oscillatory flow around a rigidly attached spherical particle to the bottom in a sloshing tank,” in EGU General Assembly 2022, 2023, p. 10068, doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10068.
• T. Gándara, E. C. Del Barrio, M. Cruchaga, and J. Baiges, “Experimental and numerical modeling of a sloshing problem in a stepped based rectangular tank,” Phys. Fluids, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 033111, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1063/5.0044682.
• A. I. Yılmaz, “A Review of Studies on the Sloshing Effect of Liquid in Partially Filled Tank,” Journal, no. 11, pp. 19–28, 2018.
• S. Jeon et al., “Experimental investigation of scale effect in sloshing phenomenon,” 2008.
• S. C. of the 28th ITTC, “Prosedure of Sloshing Model Tests,” 2017.