Dynamic-Mechanic Analysis and Rheological Modelling of Waste Face Mask Modified Bitumen

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 85 - 108, 01.01.2024

Ahmet Münir Özdemir , Erkut Yalçın , Mehmet Yilmaz , Baha Kök

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1265014

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Due to the Covid-19 global pandemic, the use of face masks has increased considerably in recent years. Used face masks are released into our environment and become a severe environmental threat. Therefore, researchers have focused on the recycling of waste face masks. Recently, studies have been carried out on the use of waste face masks as additives in bituminous materials, but a detailed rheological characterization has not been made. In this study, modified bitumens were obtained by adding 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% waste face mask (WFM). Subsequently, frequency sweep test was performed on modified bitumen samples through a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Thus, the viscoelastic behavior of WFM modified bitumen was investigated at different temperatures and loading rates. Performance analysis was conducted with rheological master curves, which were characterized according to analytical and mechanistic models. In this study, rheological evaluations were performed according to the Christensen-Anderson (CA) Model, Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu (CAM) Model, Sigmoidal Model (SM), and finally, the mechanistic Huet-Sayegh Model (HSM). According to the results, it was determined that WFM significantly increased the rutting resistance of bitumen and performed better at low and high loading rates than the pure bitumen at each WFM ratio.

Keywords

Bitumen, Waste Face Mask, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Rheology, Huet-Sayegh Model

References

• Fadare, O. O. and Okoffo, E. D., Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Science Of The Total Environment, 737: 140279,2020 .
• Internet: (WHO), W. H. O., Shortage of Personal Protective Equipment Endangering Health Workers Worldwide. https://www.who.int/news/item/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide (2021).
• Internet: Xinhuanet, China Focus: Mask Makers Go All out in Fight against Novel Coronavirus. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138760527.htm (2021).
• Internet: Yagıcı Çiftci, M., Türkiye’de Haftada 50 Milyon Maske Üretiliyor. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/koronavirus/turkiyede-haftada-50-milyon-maske-uretiliyor-514410.html (2021).
• Prata, J. C., Silva, A. L. P., Walker, T. R., Duarte, A. C., and Rocha-Santos, T., COVID-19 Pandemic Repercussions on the Use and Management of Plastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(13), 7760–7765,2020 .
• Hantoko, D., Li, X., Pariatamby, A., Yoshikawa, K., Horttanainen, M., and Yan, M., Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal Of Environmental Management, 286: 112140,2021 .
• Nzediegwu, C. and Chang, S. X., Improper solid waste management increases potential for COVID-19 spread in developing countries. Resources, Conservation And Recycling, 161: 104947,2020 .
• Potluri, P. and Needham, P., Technical textiles for protection. Textiles for Protection, Elsevier, 151–175 , 2005.
• Ali, N., Mohd Yusup, N. F., Sheikh Khalid, F., Shahidan, S., and Abdullah, S. R., The Effect of Water Cement Ratio on Cement Brick Containing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as Sand Replacement. MATEC Web Of Conferences, 150: 03010,2018 .
• Akinwumi, I. I., Domo-Spiff, A. H., and Salami, A., Marine plastic pollution and affordable housing challenge: Shredded waste plastic stabilized soil for producing compressed earth bricks. Case Studies In Construction Materials, 11: e00241,2019 .
• Gangwar, P. and Tiwari, S., Stabilization of soil with waste plastic bottles. Materials Today: Proceedings, ,2021 .
• Fang, C., Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., Zhou, X., Guo, D., Yu, R., and Zhang, M., Preparation, Characterization and Hot Storage Stability of Asphalt Modified by Waste Polyethylene Packaging. Journal Of Materials Science & Technology, 29(5), 434–438,2013 .
• Fang, C., Zhang, M., Yu, R., and Liu, X., Effect of Preparation Temperature on the Aging Properties of Waste Polyethylene Modified Asphalt. Journal Of Materials Science & Technology, 31(3), 320–324,2015 .
• Aldagari, S., Kabir, S. F., and Fini, E. H., Investigating aging properties of bitumen modified with polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic. Resources, Conservation And Recycling, 173: 105687,2021 .
• Ahmadinia, E., Zargar, M., Karim, M. R., Abdelaziz, M., and Ahmadinia, E., Performance evaluation of utilization of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in stone mastic asphalt. Construction And Building Materials, 36: 984–989,2012 .
• Cong, L., Yang, F., Guo, G., Ren, M., Shi, J., and Tan, L., The use of polyurethane for asphalt pavement engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review. Construction And Building Materials, 225: 1012–1025,2019 .
• Du, Z., Jiang, C., Yuan, J., Xiao, F., and Wang, J., Low temperature performance characteristics of polyethylene modified asphalts – A review. Construction And Building Materials, 264: 120704,2020 .
• Lastra-González, P., Calzada-Pérez, M. A., Castro-Fresno, D., Vega-Zamanillo, Á., and Indacoechea-Vega, I., Comparative analysis of the performance of asphalt concretes modified by dry way with polymeric waste. Construction And Building Materials, 112: 1133–1140,2016 .
• Hake, S. L., Damgir, R. M., and Awsarmal, P. R., Utilization of Plastic waste in Bitumen Mixes for Flexible Pavement. Transportation Research Procedia, 48: 3779–3785,2020 .
• Suganya, S., A Study on Mechanical Properties of fly ash Brick with Waste Plastic Strips. International Journal Of Applied Engineering Research, 10: ,2015 .
• Tapkire, G., Recycled plastic used in concrete paver block. International Journal Of Research In Engineering And Technology, 03(21), 33–35,2014 .
• Vanitha, S., Natarajan, V., and Praba, M., Utilisation of Waste Plastics as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Blocks. Indian Journal Of Science And Technology, 8(12), ,2015 .
• Xu, Y., Jiang, L., Xu, J., and Li, Y., Mechanical properties of expanded polystyrene lightweight aggregate concrete and brick. Construction And Building Materials, 27(1), 32–38,2012 .
• Marian, S. and R., V. J., Use of e-plastic waste in concrete as a partial replacement of coarse mineral aggregate. Computers And Concrete, 21(4), 377–384,2018 .
• Aslani, F., Deghani, A., and Asif, Z., Development of Lightweight Rubberized Geopolymer Concrete by Using Polystyrene and Recycled Crumb-Rubber Aggregates. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering, 32(2), 04019345,2020 .
• Demirboga, R. and Kan, A., Thermal conductivity and shrinkage properties of modified waste polystyrene aggregate concretes. Construction And Building Materials, 35: 730–734,2012 .
• Abukhettala, M. and Fall, M., Geotechnical characterization of plastic waste materials in pavement subgrade applications. Transportation Geotechnics, 27: 100472,2021 .
• Veropalumbo, R., Russo, F., Oreto, C., Buonocore, G. G., Verdolotti, L., Muiambo, H., Biancardo, S. A., and Viscione, N., Chemical, Thermal, and Rheological Performance of Asphalt Binder Containing Plastic Waste. Sustainability, 13(24), 13887,2021 .
• Genet, M. B., Sendekie, Z. B., and Jembere, A. L., Investigation and optimization of waste LDPE plastic as a modifier of asphalt mix for highway asphalt: Case of Ethiopian roads. Case Studies In Chemical And Environmental Engineering, 4: 100150,2021 .
• Haider, S., Hafeez, I., Jamal, and Ullah, R., Sustainable use of waste plastic modifiers to strengthen the adhesion properties of asphalt mixtures. Construction And Building Materials, 235: 117496,2020 .
• Li, R., Leng, Z., Yang, J., Lu, G., Huang, M., Lan, J., Zhang, H., Bai, Y., and Dong, Z., Innovative application of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) derived additive as an antistripping agent for asphalt mixture: Experimental investigation and molecular dynamics simulation. Fuel, 300: 121015,2021 .
• Kakar, M. R., Mikhailenko, P., Piao, Z., Bueno, M., and Poulikakos, L., Analysis of waste polyethylene (PE) and its by-products in asphalt binder. Construction And Building Materials, 280: 122492,2021 .
• Yu, L., Lyu, L., Li, R., Du, Y., and Pei, J., Microscopic Mechanism of Direct-Input Waste Plastic Modified Asphalt. Journal Of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 148(2), ,2022 .
• Dalhat, M. A. and Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I., Performance of recycled plastic waste modified asphalt binder in Saudi Arabia. International Journal Of Pavement Engineering, 18(4), 349–357,2017 .
• Wang, G., Li, J., Saberian, M., Rahat, M. H. H., Massarra, C., Buckhalter, C., Farrington, J., Collins, T., and Johnson, J., Use of COVID-19 single-use face masks to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt pavement. Science Of The Total Environment, 826: 154118,2022 .
• Zhang, D., Guo, Y., Liu, Z., Xu, P., Ma, Z., and Zhan, J., Laboratory investigation on added-value application of the COVID-19 disposable mask in hot mix asphalt (HMA). Science Of The Total Environment, 860: 160243,2023 .
• Zhao, Z., Wu, S., Liu, Q., Xie, J., Yang, C., Wang, F., and Wan, P., Recycling waste disposable medical masks in improving the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixtures. Construction And Building Materials, 337: 127621,2022 .
• Yalcin, E., Munir Ozdemir, A., Vural Kok, B., Yilmaz, M., and Yilmaz, B., Influence of pandemic waste face mask on rheological, physical and chemical properties of bitumen. Construction And Building Materials, 337: 127576,2022 .
• Hsissou, R., Hilali, M., Dagdag, O., Adder, F., Elbachiri, A., and Rafik, M., Rheological behavior models of polymers. Biointerface Research In Applied Chemistry, 12(1), 1263–1272,2022 .
• Hsissou, R., Benzidia, B., Hajjaji, N., and Elharfi, A., Elaboration and Electrochemical Studies of the Coating Behavior of a New Nanofunctional Epoxy Polymer on E24 Steel in 3.5 % NaCl. Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, 36(4), 259–270,2018 .
• Potluri, P. and Needham, P., Technical textiles for protection BT - Textiles for Protection. Textiles for Protection, 151–175 , 2005.
• Internet: İHKİP, Maske, Cerrahi Örtü, Önlükler ve Koruyucu Giysilerde Uyulması Gereken Standartlar. https://www.ihkib.org.tr/fp-icerik/ia/d/2020/05/06/maske-ve-koruyucu-giysi-bilgilendirme-ekoteks-04-05-2020-son-202005061258300443-cdd4a-202005061705110837-FAC50.pptx .
• van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., de Wit, E., and Munster, V. J., Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal Of Medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567,2020 .
• Zaniewski, J. and Pumphrey, M., Evaluation of Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Equipment and Testing Protocol. ,2004 .
• Yalçın, E., Saf ve Modifiye Bitümlerin Farklı Frekans ve Sıcaklıklardaki Reolojik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 901–909,2020 .
• Huang, W., Wang, D., He, P., Long, X., Tong, B., Tian, J., and Yu, P., Rheological Characteristics Evaluation of Bitumen Composites Containing Rock Asphalt and Diatomite. Applied Sciences, 9(5), 1023,2019 .
• Christensen, D. W., Anderson, D. A., and Rowe, G. M., Relaxation spectra of asphalt binders and the Christensen–Anderson rheological model. Road Materials And Pavement Design, 18(sup1), 382–403,2017 .
• Liu, F., Zhou, Z., and Zhang, X., Linking chemical to rheological properties of asphalt binder with oxidative aging effect. Road Materials And Pavement Design, 22(9), 2014–2028,2021 .
• Zhao, K. and Wang, Y., Influences of aging conditions on the rheological properties of asphalt binders. International Journal Of Pavement Engineering, 21(5), 653–665,2020 .
• Teltayev, B. and Radovskiy, B., Predicting thermal cracking of asphalt pavements from bitumen and mix properties. Road Materials And Pavement Design, 19(8), 1832–1847,2018 .
• Hou, H., Wang, T., Wu, S., Xue, Y., Tan, R., Chen, J., and Zhou, M., Investigation on the pavement performance of asphalt mixture based on predicted dynamic modulus. Construction And Building Materials, 106: 11–17,2016 .
• Cholewińska, M., Iwański, M., and Mazurek, G., The impact of ageing on the bitumen stiffness modulus using the CAM model. The Baltic Journal Of Road And Bridge Engineering, 13(1), 34–39,2018 .
• Ma, X., Chen, H., Gui, C., Xing, M., and Yang, P., Influence of the properties of an asphalt binder on the rheological performance of mastic. Construction And Building Materials, 227: 116659,2019 .
• Xu, Q. and Solaimanian, M., Modelling linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt concrete by the Huet–Sayegh model. International Journal Of Pavement Engineering, 10(6), 401–422,2009 .
• Zbiciak, A., Michalczyk, R., and Brzeziński, K., Time–temperature superposition for viscoelastic materials with application to asphalt–aggregate mixes. International Journal Of Environmental Science And Technology, 16(9), 5059–5064,2019 .
• Di Mino, G., Airey, G., Di Paola, M., Pinnola, F. P., D’Angelo, G., and Lo Presti, D., Linear and nonlinear fractional hereditary constitutive laws of asphalt mixtures. Journal Of Civil Engineering And Management, 22(7), 882–889,2016 .
• Olard, F. and Di Benedetto, H., General “2S2P1D” Model and Relation Between the Linear Viscoelastic Behaviours of Bituminous Binders and Mixes. Road Materials And Pavement Design, 4(2), 185–224,2003 .
• Socal da Silva, L., de Camargo Forte, M. M., de Alencastro Vignol, L., and Cardozo, N. S. M., Study of rheological properties of pure and polymer-modified Brazilian asphalt binders. Journal Of Materials Science, 39(2), 539–546,2004 .
• Mazurek, G., The Viscoelastic Characteristics of the Asphalt Concrete Modified with Different Synthetic Waxes Using a Modified Huet- Sayegh Model. (2017).