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Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 5
https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1405084

Abstract

Glass manifests superior properties with high strength and transparency although it may not be considered as a commonly used structural material. This study targets to improve the structural performance of glass by post-tensioning; a series of T-shaped glass beams are tested to develop a proper and safe design. Traditionally, glass is widely used in buildings as windows where its brittleness and strength capacity are not significant. Architects prefer to use glass in the structural field because of aesthetics, recyclability, and transparency. Although there is more demand for the usage of glass as a structural material, a common fear of its brittle nature and lack of research about its structural behavior have mostly hindered it. Since glass is a brittle material and has high compressive strength in the order of 400 to 800 MPa and lower tensile strength (40 to 120 MPa), post-tensioning to target distributed loads is investigated to increase its fracture capacity and even obtain a post-cracking ductile behavior. In this study, several material tests are conducted to confirm the theoretical mechanical properties of glass. After obtaining the bending and compressive strength of the glass, Finite Element Models (FEMs) of the T-beams were generated and analytical hand calculations were conducted. The tests of T-shaped annealed (float) and tempered (toughened) glass beams with and without post-tensioning were conducted. The results of the experiments were compared with the analytical hand calculations and FEM results. A favorable outcome of this study is that float glass’ post cracking strength has been drastically increased and a ductile post-cracking performance is obtained. Tempered glass has a brittle response but with much higher strength, with about 4 times the capacity of annealed glass T-beams

References

  • Super safe CE certified 13.52 mm laminated glass panels for padel tennis court (2021, November) https://www.szdragonglass.com/13-52-laminated-glass-panels-for-padel-court/
  • BS EN 572-1 (2004), Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties, European Committee for Standardization.
  • EN 572-2 (2004), Glass in Building - Basic Soda Lime Silicate Glass Products - Part 2: Float Glass, European Committee for Standardization.
  • Cupać, J., Louter, C., & Nussbaumer, A. (2021). Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned glass beams: Experimental and analytical study of three beam typologies. Composite Structures, 255, 112971.
  • Belis, J., Van Impe, R., Lagae, G. and Vanlaere, W. (2003), “Enhancement of the buckling strength of glass beams by means of lateral restraints.”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 15(5), 495-511. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2003.15.5.495.
  • Louter, C., Heusden, J. Veer, F., Vambersky, J., Boer, H., Versteegen, J. (2006), “Post-tensioned glass beams.”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241016445_Post-Tensioned_Glass_Beams
  • Belis, J., Louter, C., Verfaille, K., Van Impe, R., and Callewaert, D. (2006), “The effect of post-tensioning on the buckling behaviour of a glass T-beam.”, Proceedings of International Symposium on the Application of Architectural Glass, (129-136).
  • Louter, C. (2011), “Fragile yet Ductile, Structural Aspects of Reinforced Glass Beams”. Ph.D. Dissertation, Technische Universiteit, Delft.
  • Louter, C., Cupac, J., and Lebet, J. P. (2014), “Exploratory experimental investigations on post-tensioned structural glass beams.”, Journal of Façade Design and Engineering, 2(1-2), 3-18. DOI: 10.3233/FDE-130012
  • Engelmann, M., Weller, B. (2016), “Post-tensioned Glass Beams for a 9 m Spannglass Bridge.”, Structural Engineering International, 26(2), 103-113. DOI: 10.2749/101686616X14555428759000
  • Cupać, J., Louter, C., & Nussbaumer, A. (2021). Post-tensioning of glass beams: Analytical determination of the allowable pre-load. Glass Structures & Engineering, 6(2), 233-248.
  • Weller, B. and Engelmann, M. (2014), “Deformation of Span-glass beams during post-tensioning”, Proceedings of Challenging Glass 4 & Cost Action TU0905 Final Conference, London, United Kingdom. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290179946_Deformation_of_Spannglass_beams_during_post-tensioning
  • Jordão, S., Pinho, M., Martins, J.P., Santiago, A., and Neves, L.C. (2014), “Behaviour of laminated glass beams reinforced with pre-stressed cables.”, Steel Constr., 7(3), 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201410027
  • Bedon, C. and Louter, C. (2016), “Finite-element analysis of post-tensioned SG-laminated glass beams with mechanically anchored tendons.”, Glass Struct Eng, 1, 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-016-0020-7.
  • Cupać, J., Martens, K., Nussbaumer, A. et al. (2017), “Experimental investigation of multi-span post-tensioned glass beams.”, Glass Struct Eng, 2, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-017-0038-5.
  • Ugural AC, Fenster SK. Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2003, p. 160-161.

Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 5
https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1405084

Abstract

Glass manifests superior properties with high strength and transparency although it may not be considered as a commonly used structural material. This study targets to improve the structural performance of glass by post-tensioning; a series of T-shaped glass beams are tested to develop a proper and safe design. Traditionally, glass is widely used in buildings as windows where its brittleness and strength capacity are not significant. Architects prefer to use glass in the structural field because of aesthetics, recyclability, and transparency. Although there is more demand for the usage of glass as a structural material, a common fear of its brittle nature and lack of research about its structural behavior have mostly hindered it. Since glass is a brittle material and has high compressive strength in the order of 400 to 800 MPa and lower tensile strength (40 to 120 MPa), post-tensioning to target distributed loads is investigated to increase its fracture capacity and even obtain a post-cracking ductile behavior. In this study, several material tests are conducted to confirm the theoretical mechanical properties of glass. After obtaining the bending and compressive strength of the glass, Finite Element Models (FEMs) of the T-beams were generated and analytical hand calculations were conducted. The tests of T-shaped annealed (float) and tempered (toughened) glass beams with and without post-tensioning were conducted. The results of the experiments were compared with the analytical hand calculations and FEM results. A favorable outcome of this study is that float glass’ post cracking strength has been drastically increased and a ductile post-cracking performance is obtained. Tempered glass has a brittle response but with much higher strength, with about 4 times the capacity of annealed glass T-beams

References

  • Super safe CE certified 13.52 mm laminated glass panels for padel tennis court (2021, November) https://www.szdragonglass.com/13-52-laminated-glass-panels-for-padel-court/
  • BS EN 572-1 (2004), Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties, European Committee for Standardization.
  • EN 572-2 (2004), Glass in Building - Basic Soda Lime Silicate Glass Products - Part 2: Float Glass, European Committee for Standardization.
  • Cupać, J., Louter, C., & Nussbaumer, A. (2021). Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned glass beams: Experimental and analytical study of three beam typologies. Composite Structures, 255, 112971.
  • Belis, J., Van Impe, R., Lagae, G. and Vanlaere, W. (2003), “Enhancement of the buckling strength of glass beams by means of lateral restraints.”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 15(5), 495-511. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2003.15.5.495.
  • Louter, C., Heusden, J. Veer, F., Vambersky, J., Boer, H., Versteegen, J. (2006), “Post-tensioned glass beams.”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241016445_Post-Tensioned_Glass_Beams
  • Belis, J., Louter, C., Verfaille, K., Van Impe, R., and Callewaert, D. (2006), “The effect of post-tensioning on the buckling behaviour of a glass T-beam.”, Proceedings of International Symposium on the Application of Architectural Glass, (129-136).
  • Louter, C. (2011), “Fragile yet Ductile, Structural Aspects of Reinforced Glass Beams”. Ph.D. Dissertation, Technische Universiteit, Delft.
  • Louter, C., Cupac, J., and Lebet, J. P. (2014), “Exploratory experimental investigations on post-tensioned structural glass beams.”, Journal of Façade Design and Engineering, 2(1-2), 3-18. DOI: 10.3233/FDE-130012
  • Engelmann, M., Weller, B. (2016), “Post-tensioned Glass Beams for a 9 m Spannglass Bridge.”, Structural Engineering International, 26(2), 103-113. DOI: 10.2749/101686616X14555428759000
  • Cupać, J., Louter, C., & Nussbaumer, A. (2021). Post-tensioning of glass beams: Analytical determination of the allowable pre-load. Glass Structures & Engineering, 6(2), 233-248.
  • Weller, B. and Engelmann, M. (2014), “Deformation of Span-glass beams during post-tensioning”, Proceedings of Challenging Glass 4 & Cost Action TU0905 Final Conference, London, United Kingdom. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290179946_Deformation_of_Spannglass_beams_during_post-tensioning
  • Jordão, S., Pinho, M., Martins, J.P., Santiago, A., and Neves, L.C. (2014), “Behaviour of laminated glass beams reinforced with pre-stressed cables.”, Steel Constr., 7(3), 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201410027
  • Bedon, C. and Louter, C. (2016), “Finite-element analysis of post-tensioned SG-laminated glass beams with mechanically anchored tendons.”, Glass Struct Eng, 1, 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-016-0020-7.
  • Cupać, J., Martens, K., Nussbaumer, A. et al. (2017), “Experimental investigation of multi-span post-tensioned glass beams.”, Glass Struct Eng, 2, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-017-0038-5.
  • Ugural AC, Fenster SK. Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2003, p. 160-161.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Numerical Modelization in Civil Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Construction Materials, Structural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emrullah Koca 0000-0002-0459-7946

Ahmet Turer 0000-0002-2214-1387

Early Pub Date April 22, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date December 14, 2023
Acceptance Date April 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 35 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Koca, E., & Turer, A. (2024). Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(5). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1405084
AMA Koca E, Turer A. Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams. tjce. April 2024;35(5). doi:10.18400/tjce.1405084
Chicago Koca, Emrullah, and Ahmet Turer. “Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (April 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1405084.
EndNote Koca E, Turer A (April 1, 2024) Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35 5
IEEE E. Koca and A. Turer, “Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams”, tjce, vol. 35, no. 5, 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1405084.
ISNAD Koca, Emrullah - Turer, Ahmet. “Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35/5 (April 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1405084.
JAMA Koca E, Turer A. Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams. tjce. 2024;35. doi:10.18400/tjce.1405084.
MLA Koca, Emrullah and Ahmet Turer. “Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 35, no. 5, 2024, doi:10.18400/tjce.1405084.
Vancouver Koca E, Turer A. Design and Tests of Structural Post-Tensioned Glass T-Beams. tjce. 2024;35(5).