Not a Choice, But a Necessity: Necessity Entrepreneurship

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 18, 114 - 130, 30.09.2025

Muhammet Tortumlu

https://doi.org/10.55830/tje.1705365

Abstract

Necessity entrepreneurship refers to individuals engaging in entrepreneurial activities primarily to meet their basic needs, often driven by unemployment and economic hardship. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of necessity entrepreneurship, examining its advantages, relationship with economic growth, role in developing countries, comparison with opportunity entrepreneurship, underlying causes and outcomes, and its specific context in Turkey. The findings indicate that while necessity entrepreneurship offers individuals economic stability and a means of social survival, it also tends to limit innovation and growth capacity at institutional and macroeconomic levels. The prevalence of necessity entrepreneurship in developing countries is shown to be closely linked to socioeconomic conditions and structural challenges. Furthermore, the differences between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship are found to significantly influence business performance and sustainability. The study highlights Turkey's structural issues—such as unemployment, informality, and lack of social security—that contribute to the widespread nature of necessity entrepreneurship and its constraining effects on economic development. Finally, the study proposes strategic recommendations to reduce necessity entrepreneurship and strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem, including the development of employment policies, enhancement of social security systems, improvement of vocational training, and better access to finance. It also emphasizes the need for further research in this area to inform more effective and inclusive policies and practices.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship , Necessity Entrepreneurship , Opportunity Entrepreneurship Motivation

İmkân Değil, Mecburiyet: Zorunlu Girişimcilik

Abstract

Zorunlu girişimcilik, bireylerin temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla, genellikle işsizlik ve ekonomik zorluklar nedeniyle girişimci olmaya yönelmeleridir. Bu çalışma, zorunlu girişimciliğin avantajları, büyüme ile ilişkisi, gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki rolü, fırsat girişimciliği ile karşılaştırılması, ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve sonuçları ile Türkiye bağlamındaki durumunu kapsamlı biçimde incelemiştir. Çalışmada zorunlu girişimciliğin bireylere ekonomik istikrar sağlama ve sosyal hayatta kalma açısından önemli bir avantaj sunarken, kurumsal ve makro veriler açısından büyüme ve yenilikçilik kapasitesini sınırladığı görülmüştür. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde zorunlu girişimciliğin yaygınlığının yüksek olduğu, bunun sosyoekonomik koşullar ve yapısal sorunlarla doğrudan ilişkili olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, zorunlu girişimcilik ile fırsat girişimciliği arasındaki farkların işletme performansı ve sürdürülebilirlik üzerinde belirleyici olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye’de zorunlu girişimciliğin yaygınlığını destekleyen işsizlik, kayıt dışılık ve sosyal güvencesizlik gibi yapısal problemlerinin önemini vurgularken, bu tür girişimciliğin büyüme ve kalkınma üzerindeki sınırlamalarını da gözler önüne sermektedir. Son olarak, zorunlu girişimciliğin azaltılması ve girişimcilik ekosisteminin güçlendirilmesi için istihdam politikaları, sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, mesleki eğitim ve finansmana erişimin artırılması gibi stratejik öneriler sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, zorunlu girişimcilik alanında daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerektiği, böylece politika ve uygulamaların daha etkin ve kapsayıcı hale getirilebileceği vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

Girişimcilik , Zorunlu Girişimcilik , Fırsat Girişimciliği , Motivasyon

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