EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCES ON TURF QUALITY AND PLANTS GROWTH OF SOME WARM-SEASON TURFGRASSES

Abstract

This research was conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources and rates on some warm-season turfgrasses under Mediterranean-type climate conditions in 2017-2018. The experimental design was a split-split plot with design with three replicates; turfgrass species as the main plot, nitrogen sources as the subplots, and nitrogen doses as the sub subplots. The main plots consist of four nitrogen sources: two slow-release fertilizers, one organomineral fertilizer, and one sewage sludge. Subplots consist of three warm-season turfgrass species; zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis x Cynodon dactylon), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and one cool-season turfgrass species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). The nitrogen doses were as follows; 0.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g m-2. Turf color and quality were evaluated visually monthly. Also, clipping weight is determined. According to the result, slow-release and organomineral fertilizers can be assessable as N sources that will meet the nutritional needs of the turfgrasses. Zoysiagrass and seashore paspalum showed almost equivalent scores and gave sufficiently dark turf color and quality. Turfgrass should be fertilized at least with 3.0 g m−2 N to provide acceptable turf color and quality.

Keywords

• warm-season turfgrasses
• turf color
• turf quality
• nitrogen sources
• nitrogen rate

References

1. Aaron, J. P., Suzanne, M.C., Jeffrey, J.V. and Zachary, J.R. 2007. Differences in Freeze Tolerance of Zoysiagrasses: II. Carbohydrate and Proline Accumulation, Crop Sci 47:2170-2181 pp.
2. Acikgoz, N., E. Ilker and A. Gokcol, 2004. Assessment of Biological Research on the Computer. EU, TOTEM, Izmir.
3. Andiru, G., Pasian, C. and Frantz, J. 2015. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer placement on nutrient leaching and growth of bedding impatiens. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 33, 58-65.
4. Angle, J.S. 1994. Sewage sludge compost for establishment and maintenance of turfgrass. In Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals. Ed. A R Leslie. pp. 45–72. Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL.
5. Antille, D.L., Sakrabani, R., Tyrrel, S.F., Le, M.S. and Godwin, R.J. 2013. Characterization of organomineral fertilizers derived from nutrient‐enriched biosolids granules. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2013: 1-9.
6. Avcıoğlu, R. 1997. Çim Tekniği (Yeşil Alanların Ekimi, Dikimi ve Bakımı), Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Bornova-İzmir.
7. Azeem, B., Kushaari, K., Man, Z. B., Basit, A., and Thanh, T. H. 2014. Review on materials and methods to produce controlled-release coated urea fertilizer. Journal of Controlled Release, 181, 11-21.
8. Bilgili, U., Zere S. and Yönter F. 2017. Effects of Different Nitrogen Rates on Plant Growing and Turf Quality of Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). DOI:10.18016/ksudobil.348904. KSU J. Nat. Sci., 20 (Özel Sayı), 52-59, 2017.

9. Bilgili, U., Cansev, A., Candoğan, BN., Yönter, F., Kesici Zengin, M. 2016. Marmara (Geçiş) İklimi Kuşağında Sulama ve Azotlu Gübreleme Düzeylerinin Bazı Sıcak İklim Çim Bitkisi Türlerinin Gelişimi ve Çim Kalitelerine Etkileri. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2016, 25 (Özel sayı-2):241-245.
10. Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 12th ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
11. Braun, R.C. and Bremer, D.J. 2018. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Turfgrass Receiving Different Irrigation Amounts and Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms. Crop Science, vol. 58, JULY–AUGUST 2018.
12. Braun, R.C., Bremer D.J. and Jared A.H. 2020. Simulated traffic on turfgrasses during drought stress: I.Performance and recovery of turf canopies. Special issue: international turfgrass research conference. DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20324.
13. Brown, R.H. 1985. Growth of C3 and C4 grasses under low N levels. Crop Sci. 25: 954-957.
14. Candogan, B.N., Bilgili, U., Yazgan, S. and Acikgöz E. 2014. Growth and Quality Responses of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to Different Irrigation Levels and Nitrogen Rates. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 2014, 19(1),142-152.
15. Carvalhoa, R.P., Moreiraa, R.A., Cruz, M.C.M., Fernandes, D.R., Oliveira, A.F. 2014. Organomineral fertilization on the chemical characteristics of Quartzarenic Neosol cultivated with olive tree. Scientia Horticulturae 176 (2014) 120–126.
16. Charif, K., Mzabri, I., Rimani, M., Boukroute, A., Kouddane, N., Berichi, A. 2021. Effect of the season on establishment of some turf grasses under the climatic conditions in eastern Morocco. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 15(04):518-523.
17. Christians, N. 2004. Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management. John Wiley and Sons, NJ, USA, 359 p.
18. Croce, P., De Luca, A., Mocioni, M., Volterrani, M. and Beard, J.B. 2004. Adaptability of Warm-season Turfgrass Species and Cultivars in a Mediterranean Climate, Acta Horticulturae, No. 661, 365-368.
19. Dai, J.Y., Xu, M.Q., Chen, J.P., Yang, X.P. and Ke, Z.S. 2007. PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China Chemosphere 66 353 361.
20. Eghball, B. and Power, J.F. 1994. Beef cattle feedlot management. J. Soil Water Conserv. 49: 113–122.
21. Fontanelli, M., Pirchio M., Frasconi C., Martelloni L, Raffaelli M, Peruzzi A, Grossi N, Caturegli L, Magni S., Gaetani M. and Volterrani M. 2017. Steaming and Flaming for Converting Cool-season Turfgrasses to Hybrid Bermudagrass in Untilled Soil. HortTechnology, Technology and Product Reports, October 2017 27(5).
22. Giola, M., Benincasa, P., Anastasi, G., Macolino, S., Onofri, A. 2019. Effects of Sub-Optimal Temperatures on Seed Germination of Three Warm-Season Turfgrasses with Perspectives of Cultivation in Transition Zone. Agronomy 2019, 9, 421; doi:10.3390/agronomy9080421.
23. Hanna, W.W. and Anderson, W.F. 2008. Development and Impact of Vegetative Propagation in Forage and TurfBermudagrasses. Agron. J. 2008, 100, S-103–S-107.
24. Horgan, B. and F. Yelverton. 2001. Removal of perennial ryegrass from overseeded bermudagrass using cultural methods. Crop Sci. 41:118–126. doi:10.2135/cropsci2001.411118x
25. Hopkins, B.G. 2020. Developments in fertilizers. In: Rengel Z, editor. Achieving Sustainable Crop Nutrition. Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.
26. Hummel, N.W. Jr. and Waddington, D.V. 1981. Evaluation of slow-release nitrogen sources on Baron Kentucky bluegrass. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 966–970.
27. Jiang, Y. and Huang, B. 2001. Effects of calcium on physiological responses of tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass to drought stress. Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 9:297-302.
28. Kir, B., Avcioglu., Salman, A., and Ozkan S.S. 2019. Turf and Playing Quality Traits of Some New Turfgrass Alternatives in a Mediterranean Environment. Turk J Field Crops 2019, 24(1), 7-11.
29. Krans, J.J. and Morris, K. 2007. Determining a profile of protocols and standards used in the visual field assessment of turfgrasses: A survey of national turfgrass evaluation program-sponsored university scientists. Appl. Turfgrass Sci. doi: 10.1094/ATS-2007-1130-01-TT.
30. LeMonte, J.J., Jolley V.D., Story T.M., Hopkins, B.G. 2018. Assessing atmospheric nitrogen losses with photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy: Polymer coated urea. Changwen D, editor. PLoS One.
31. Lin, Q., Yue, Y., Cui, L., Li, G. and Zhao, X. 2017. Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth. Chemosphere, Volume 173, April 2017, Pages 551-556.
32. Lulli, F., Volterrani, M., Grossi, N., Armeni, R., Stefanini, S. and Guglielminetti, L. 2012. Physiological and morphological factors influencing wear resistance and recovery in C3 and C4 turfgrass species Funct. Plant Biol. 39 214 221.
33. Mehmood, A., Niazi, M. B. K., Hussain, A., Beig, B., Jahan, Z., Zafar, N. and Zia, M. 2019. Slow-release urea fertilizer from sulfur, gypsum, and starch-coated formulations, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(10), 1218-1229.
34. Minelli, A., De Luca, A., Croce, P., Cevenini, L., Zuffa, D. 2014. Transition from cool-season to warm-season grass:Environmental e_ects in a golf course in the North of Italy. In Proceedings of the 4th European Turfgrass Society Conference, Osnabrueck, Germany, 6–9 July 2014; pp. 1–4.
35. Morris, K.N. and R.C. Sherman. 2000. The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program: Assessing New and Improved Varieties. Diversity, 16: 19–22.
36. Mulvaney, R.L., Khan, S.A., Ellsworth, T.R. 2009. Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizers Deplete Soil Nitrogen: A Global Dilemma for Sustainable Cereal Production. J Environ Qual. 38: 2295.
37. Nobile, F.O., Nunes, H.D., Neves, J.C. 2014. Doses de lodo de esgoto sobre o desenvolvimento da grama Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon). Nucleus, v.11, n.2, 2014.
38. Olson, B.M., Bennett, D.R., McKenzie, R.H., Ormann, T.D., Atkinsü R.P. 2009. Nitrate leaching in two irrigated soils with different rates of cattle manure. J Environ Qual. 38: 2218-2228.
39. Rezende, B.T., Dos Santos, P.L.F., Bezerra, J.C.M., Pagliarini, M.K. and De Castilho, R.M.M. 2020. Sewage sludge composted in the coloring and development of Bermuda grass. Ornamental Horticulture. V. 26, No. 3, 2020 p. 440-447.
40. Russi, L., P. Annicchiarico, P. Martiniello, C. Tomasoni, E. Piano and F. Veronesi. 2004. Turf Quality and Reliability in Varieties of Four Turfgrass Species in Contrasting Italian Environments. Grass Forage Sci.,59: 233-239.
41. Salman, A. 2008. Farklı Gübre Dozlarının Bazı Serin ve Sıcak İklim Çimlerinin Yeşil Alan Performanslarına Etkisi. Ege Üniver. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Doktora Tezi), Bornova-İzmir.
42. Simonne, E.H. and C.M. Hutchinson. 2005. Controlled-release fertilizers for vegetable production in the era of best management practices: Teaching new tricks to an old dog. HortTechnology 15:36–46.
43. Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, pp. 20-90.
44. Stevens, W.B., Blaylock, A.D., Krall, J.M., Hopkins, B.G., Ellsworth, J.W. 2007. Sugarbeet yield and nitrogen use efficiency with preplant broadcast, banded, or point-injected nitrogen application. Agron J. 2007; 99: 1252-1259.
45. Trenholm, L. E. and Unruh, J. B. 2005. Warm-sea son turfgrass response to fertilizer rates and sources. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28, 991-999.
46. Trenkel, M.E. 2010. Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: An option for enhanced nutrient use efficiency in agriculture. Paris, France: International Fertilizer Industry Association.
47. Turgeon, A.J. 2012. Turfgrass management. 9th ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
48. Uçgun, K., Aslancan, H., Altındal, M. and Yıldız. H. 2020. Bazı Kontrollü Salınımlı Gübrelerin ve Uygulama Metotlarının İtalyan Çimi (Lolium multiflorum)’nin Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 30, Sayı 4, 31-12, 2020.
49. USEPA, 1994. A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule. Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA/832/R-93/003.
50. Volterrani, M. and De Bertoldi, C. 2012. I generi di macroterme per i tappeti erbosi nel bacino del Mediterraneo: Cynodon, Paspalum e Zoysia. Quaderno dei Georgofili, VIII edizione, Polistampa, Florence, Italy.
51. Wilson, J.R. and R.H. Brown. 1983. Nitrogen response of Panicum species differing in CO2 fixation pathways: I. Growth analysis and carbohydrate accumulation. Crop Sci. 23: 1148-1153.
52. Zere, S. and Bilgili, U. 2016. Efficiency of Different Sewage Sludge on Growth and Turf Quality to Perennıal Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 2016, Volume: 30, Number: Special Issue, 430-435.