Aggelides, S.M. and P.A. Londra. 2000. Effect of compost
produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the
physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource
Technology, 71, 253–259.
Ahmed, H.K., H.A. Fawy and E.S. Abdel-Hady. 2010. Study of
sewage sludge use in agriculture and its effect on plant and
soil. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 1(5): 1044-1049.
Ailincăi, C., G. Jităreanu, D. Ailincăi and A. Balan. 2010.
Influence of some organic residues on wheat and maize yield
and eroded soil fertility. Cercetări agronomice in Moldova
Vol. XLIII, No. 1 (141).
Al Zoubi, M.M., A. Arslan, G. Abdelgawad, N. Pejon, M. Tabbaa
and O. Jouzdan. 2008. The effect of sewage sludge on
productivity of a crop rotation of wheat, maize and vetch) and
heavy metals accumulation in soil and plant in Aleppo
governorate. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and
Environmental Sciences 3(4), 618-625.
Alcantara, S., D.V. Pérez, R.A. Almeida, G.M. Silva, J.C.
Polidoro and W. Bettiol. 2009. Chemical changes and heavy
metal partitioning in an oxisol cultivated with maize (Zea
mays L.) after 5 years disposal of a domestic and an Industrial
sewage sludge. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 203, 3-16.
Al-Mustafa, W.A., A.A. El-Shall, A.E. Abdallah and A.S.
Modaihsh. 1995. Response of wheat to sewage sludge applied
under two different moisture regimes. Experimental
Agriculture 31, 355-9.
Antolı´n, M.C., I. Pascual, C. Garcıa, A. Polo and M . SanchezDiaz.
2005. Growth, yield and solute content of barley in soils
treated with sewage sludge under semiarid Mediterranean
conditions. Field Crops Research 94, 224-237.
Barker, A.V., M.L. Stratton and J.E. Rechcigl. 2000. Soil and byproduct
characteristics that impact the beneficial use of
byproducts. Pages 169-213 in W. A. Dick et al. eds. Land
application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal byproducts.
SSSA, Madison, WI.
Benitez, E., M. Romero, M. Gomez, F. Gallardolaro and F.
Nogales. 2001. Biosolid and biosolid ash as sources of heavy
metals in plant-soil system. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,
132, 75–87.
Bouyoucos, G.J.1962. Hydrometer method improved for making
particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464–
465.
Bozkurt, M.A. and K.M. Cimrin. 2003. The Effects Of Sewage
Sludge Applications on Nutrient And Heavy Metal
Concentration in a Calcareous Soil. FEB/ Vol 12/ No 11/
2003- pages 1354-1360.
Bremner, J.M. 1965. ‘Total Nitrogen’, in C. A. Black (Ed.).
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, American Society of
Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1149-1178.
Brofas, G., P. Michopoulos and D. Alifragis. 2000. Sewage sludge
as an amendment for calcareous bauxite mine spoils
reclamation. J Environ Qual 29:811–816.
Chapman, H.D., 1965. Cation-exchange capacity. In: C.A. Black
(ed.). Methods of soil analysis - Chemical and microbiological
properties. Agronomy 9:891-901.
Christie, P., D.L. Easson, J.R. Picton and S.C.P. Love. 2001.
Agronomic value of alkaline-stabilized sewage biosolids for
spring barley. Agron. J. 93, 144–151.
Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, D.M. Sullivan and E.A. Myhre. 2004.
Biosolids processing effects on first and second year available
nitrogen. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 68:162–167.
Correˆa, R.S. 2004. Efficiency of five biosolids to supply nitrogen
and phosphorus to ryegrass. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 39:1133-
1139, 2004.
Daur, I., A.O. Abusuwar and F. Alghabari. 2015. Exploitation of
em.1-treated blend of organic resources and humic acid for
organic berseem (trifolium alexandrinum l.) Production. Turk.
J. of Field Crops, 20(2), 125-130.
Debosz, K., S.O. Petersen, L.K. Kure and P. Ambus. 2002.
Evaluating effects of sewage sludge and household compost
on soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties.
Applied Soil Ecology, 19(3), 237–248.
Defra. 2010. Policy narrative on global food security and
sustainable agriculture, London: DEFRA
Delibacak, S., B. Okur and A.R. Ongun. 2009a. Influence of
treated sewage sludge applications on temporal variations of
plant nutrients and heavy metals in a Typic Xerofluvent soil.
Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 83: 249-257.
Delibacak, S., B. Okur and A.R. Ongun. 2009b. Effects of treated
sewage sludge levels on temporal variations of some soil
properties of a Typic Xerofluvent soil in Menemen Plain,
Western Anatolia, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 148: 85-95.
Henning, B.J., H.G. Snyman and T.A.S. Aveling. 2001. Plant-soil
interactions of sludge-borne heavy metals and the effect on
maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth. Water SA 27(1):71–78.
Hernandez, T., J.I. Moreno and F. Costa. 1991. Influence of
sewage sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal
availability. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 37, 201-210.
IARTC. 2012. Weather Station Climate Datas of International
Agricultural Research and Traning Center. Menemen, İzmir.
Jamil, M., M. Qacim and M. Umar. 2006. Utilization of sewage
sludge as organic fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Journal
of Applied Science 6, 531-535.
Jamil, M., M. Qasim, M. Umar and K. Rehman. 2004. Impact of
organic wastes (sewage sludge) on the yield of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) in a calcareous soil. International
Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6(3), 465-467.
Kacar, B. 1994. Chemical analysis of plant and soil: III soil
analysis. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Education Res. and Extension Found. Publications: 3 Ankara
(in Turkish)
Magdoff, F.R. and J.F. Amadon. 1980. Nitrogen availability from
sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 9:451–455
Martı´nez, F., G. Cuevas, R. Calvo and I. Walter. 2003. Biowaste
effects on soil and native plants in a semiarid ecosystem. J
Environ Qual 32:472–479.
Mercik, S., W. Stêpieñ and M. Gêbski. 2003. Uptake by plants
and solubility of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in different extraction
solutions depending on soil acidity. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk
Rol., 493: 913-921.
Navas, A., F. Bermu´dez and J. Machı´n. 1998. Influence of
sewage sludge application on physical and chemical
properties of Gypsisols. Geoderma 87, 123–135.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Dean. 1954.
Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with
sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. Agric.Circ.939, USDA
Washington, DC.
Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.). 1982.
In:Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and
microbiological properties, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASASSA,
Madison, USA.
Pascual, I., M.C. Antolín, C. García, A. Polo and M. SánchezDíaz.
2004. Plant availability of heavy metals in a soil
amended with a high dose of sewage sludge under drought
conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 40: 291-299.
Rathod, D.D., P.H. Rathod, K.P. Patel and K.C. Patel. 2013.
Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder
maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil
properties. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 59,
No. 11, 1439–1455.
Selivanovskaya, S.Y., V.Z. Latypova, S.N. Kiyamova and F.K.
Alimova. 2001. Use of microbial parameters to access
treatment methods of municipal sewage sludge applied to grey
forest soils of Tatarstan. Agriculture, Ecosystem and
Environment, 86, 145–153.
Sequi, P., F. Tittarelli and A. Bendetti. 2000. The role of sludge
on the reintegration of soil fertility.-in: in: Langenkamp, H.
and L. Marmo (Eds.) 120-132.
Singh, C.P.J. and S.S. Singh. 1999. Effect of urea and sludge
based compost application on the yield of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). Madras Agricultural Journal 86, 511-3.
Smith, S.R. 1994. Effect of soil pH on availability to crops of
metals in sewage sludge-created soils. I. Nickel, copper and
zinc uptake and toxicity to ryegrass. Environ Pollut
85(3):321–327. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)90054-X
Smith, S.R. 1996. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the
environment. p. 155–206. In Nutrients. CAB Int.,
Wallingford, UK.
Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th ed.
Washington DC, USA: US Government Printing Office.
SPSS 17.0. 2008. SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Chicago, IL, SPSS Inc.
Steel R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of
Statistics, Second Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Sullivan, T.S., M.E. Stromberger, M.W. Paschke and J.A.
Ippolito. 2006. Long-term impacts of infrequent biosolids
applications on chemical and microbial properties of a semiarid
rangeland soil. Biol Fertil Soils 42: 258–266. DOI
10.1007/s00374-005-0023-z
Tamrabet, L., H. Bouzerzour, M. Kribaa and M. Makhlouf. 2009.
The effect of sewage sludge application on durum wheat
(Triticum durum). International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology 11, 741–745.
Tarraso´n, D., G. Ojeda, O. Ortiz and J.M. Alcaniz. 2008.
Differences on nitrogen availability in a soil amended with
fresh, composted and thermally-dried sewage sludge.
Bioresource Technology 99, 252–259.
White, C.S., S.R Loftin, R. Aguilar. 1997. Application of
biosolids to degraded semiarid rangeland: nine-year response.
J. Environ. Qual. 26:1663–1671.
Wong, J.W. and D.C. Su. 1997. The growth of Agropyron
elongatum in an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and
sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 59(1), 57–62
INFLUENCE OF TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATIONS ON CORN AND SUCCEEDING WHEAT YIELD AND ON SOME PROPERTIES OF SANDY CLAY SOIL
The objective of this study was to determine influence of treated sewage sludge (TSS) rates on corn and wheat
yield and on some properties of sandy clay soil. The field study was conducted in the Randomized Block Design
with four replications and five different applications including control, mineral fertilizer and TSS (12.5; 25.0;
37.5 Mg.ha-1 as dry matter). Corn (Zea mays L. var. ZP 737) was the first crop, wheat (Triticum durum L. var.
Ege 88) was the succeeding crop. Soil samples were taken five times in two years. Increasing TSS applications
resulted in significantly increased total biomass and grain yield of corn. However, grain yield of succeeding
wheat did not change significantly. Increasing TSS aplications were significiantly increased total N, available P
and K, pH, total salt and organic matter content of sandy clay soil. However, CaCO3 and cation exchange
capacity values of soil did not change significantly. Due to decomposition of TSS in the soil, effect of TSS levels
on soil properties decreased in the last sampling periods. Thus, it can be recommended that 37.5 Mg.ha-1 TSS as
dry matter can be added once in 2 years for improving plant nutrients and soil properties of sandy clay soil.
Aggelides, S.M. and P.A. Londra. 2000. Effect of compost
produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the
physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource
Technology, 71, 253–259.
Ahmed, H.K., H.A. Fawy and E.S. Abdel-Hady. 2010. Study of
sewage sludge use in agriculture and its effect on plant and
soil. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 1(5): 1044-1049.
Ailincăi, C., G. Jităreanu, D. Ailincăi and A. Balan. 2010.
Influence of some organic residues on wheat and maize yield
and eroded soil fertility. Cercetări agronomice in Moldova
Vol. XLIII, No. 1 (141).
Al Zoubi, M.M., A. Arslan, G. Abdelgawad, N. Pejon, M. Tabbaa
and O. Jouzdan. 2008. The effect of sewage sludge on
productivity of a crop rotation of wheat, maize and vetch) and
heavy metals accumulation in soil and plant in Aleppo
governorate. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and
Environmental Sciences 3(4), 618-625.
Alcantara, S., D.V. Pérez, R.A. Almeida, G.M. Silva, J.C.
Polidoro and W. Bettiol. 2009. Chemical changes and heavy
metal partitioning in an oxisol cultivated with maize (Zea
mays L.) after 5 years disposal of a domestic and an Industrial
sewage sludge. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 203, 3-16.
Al-Mustafa, W.A., A.A. El-Shall, A.E. Abdallah and A.S.
Modaihsh. 1995. Response of wheat to sewage sludge applied
under two different moisture regimes. Experimental
Agriculture 31, 355-9.
Antolı´n, M.C., I. Pascual, C. Garcıa, A. Polo and M . SanchezDiaz.
2005. Growth, yield and solute content of barley in soils
treated with sewage sludge under semiarid Mediterranean
conditions. Field Crops Research 94, 224-237.
Barker, A.V., M.L. Stratton and J.E. Rechcigl. 2000. Soil and byproduct
characteristics that impact the beneficial use of
byproducts. Pages 169-213 in W. A. Dick et al. eds. Land
application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal byproducts.
SSSA, Madison, WI.
Benitez, E., M. Romero, M. Gomez, F. Gallardolaro and F.
Nogales. 2001. Biosolid and biosolid ash as sources of heavy
metals in plant-soil system. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,
132, 75–87.
Bouyoucos, G.J.1962. Hydrometer method improved for making
particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464–
465.
Bozkurt, M.A. and K.M. Cimrin. 2003. The Effects Of Sewage
Sludge Applications on Nutrient And Heavy Metal
Concentration in a Calcareous Soil. FEB/ Vol 12/ No 11/
2003- pages 1354-1360.
Bremner, J.M. 1965. ‘Total Nitrogen’, in C. A. Black (Ed.).
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, American Society of
Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1149-1178.
Brofas, G., P. Michopoulos and D. Alifragis. 2000. Sewage sludge
as an amendment for calcareous bauxite mine spoils
reclamation. J Environ Qual 29:811–816.
Chapman, H.D., 1965. Cation-exchange capacity. In: C.A. Black
(ed.). Methods of soil analysis - Chemical and microbiological
properties. Agronomy 9:891-901.
Christie, P., D.L. Easson, J.R. Picton and S.C.P. Love. 2001.
Agronomic value of alkaline-stabilized sewage biosolids for
spring barley. Agron. J. 93, 144–151.
Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, D.M. Sullivan and E.A. Myhre. 2004.
Biosolids processing effects on first and second year available
nitrogen. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 68:162–167.
Correˆa, R.S. 2004. Efficiency of five biosolids to supply nitrogen
and phosphorus to ryegrass. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 39:1133-
1139, 2004.
Daur, I., A.O. Abusuwar and F. Alghabari. 2015. Exploitation of
em.1-treated blend of organic resources and humic acid for
organic berseem (trifolium alexandrinum l.) Production. Turk.
J. of Field Crops, 20(2), 125-130.
Debosz, K., S.O. Petersen, L.K. Kure and P. Ambus. 2002.
Evaluating effects of sewage sludge and household compost
on soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties.
Applied Soil Ecology, 19(3), 237–248.
Defra. 2010. Policy narrative on global food security and
sustainable agriculture, London: DEFRA
Delibacak, S., B. Okur and A.R. Ongun. 2009a. Influence of
treated sewage sludge applications on temporal variations of
plant nutrients and heavy metals in a Typic Xerofluvent soil.
Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 83: 249-257.
Delibacak, S., B. Okur and A.R. Ongun. 2009b. Effects of treated
sewage sludge levels on temporal variations of some soil
properties of a Typic Xerofluvent soil in Menemen Plain,
Western Anatolia, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 148: 85-95.
Henning, B.J., H.G. Snyman and T.A.S. Aveling. 2001. Plant-soil
interactions of sludge-borne heavy metals and the effect on
maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth. Water SA 27(1):71–78.
Hernandez, T., J.I. Moreno and F. Costa. 1991. Influence of
sewage sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal
availability. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 37, 201-210.
IARTC. 2012. Weather Station Climate Datas of International
Agricultural Research and Traning Center. Menemen, İzmir.
Jamil, M., M. Qacim and M. Umar. 2006. Utilization of sewage
sludge as organic fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Journal
of Applied Science 6, 531-535.
Jamil, M., M. Qasim, M. Umar and K. Rehman. 2004. Impact of
organic wastes (sewage sludge) on the yield of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) in a calcareous soil. International
Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6(3), 465-467.
Kacar, B. 1994. Chemical analysis of plant and soil: III soil
analysis. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Education Res. and Extension Found. Publications: 3 Ankara
(in Turkish)
Magdoff, F.R. and J.F. Amadon. 1980. Nitrogen availability from
sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 9:451–455
Martı´nez, F., G. Cuevas, R. Calvo and I. Walter. 2003. Biowaste
effects on soil and native plants in a semiarid ecosystem. J
Environ Qual 32:472–479.
Mercik, S., W. Stêpieñ and M. Gêbski. 2003. Uptake by plants
and solubility of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in different extraction
solutions depending on soil acidity. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk
Rol., 493: 913-921.
Navas, A., F. Bermu´dez and J. Machı´n. 1998. Influence of
sewage sludge application on physical and chemical
properties of Gypsisols. Geoderma 87, 123–135.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Dean. 1954.
Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with
sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. Agric.Circ.939, USDA
Washington, DC.
Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.). 1982.
In:Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and
microbiological properties, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASASSA,
Madison, USA.
Pascual, I., M.C. Antolín, C. García, A. Polo and M. SánchezDíaz.
2004. Plant availability of heavy metals in a soil
amended with a high dose of sewage sludge under drought
conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 40: 291-299.
Rathod, D.D., P.H. Rathod, K.P. Patel and K.C. Patel. 2013.
Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder
maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil
properties. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 59,
No. 11, 1439–1455.
Selivanovskaya, S.Y., V.Z. Latypova, S.N. Kiyamova and F.K.
Alimova. 2001. Use of microbial parameters to access
treatment methods of municipal sewage sludge applied to grey
forest soils of Tatarstan. Agriculture, Ecosystem and
Environment, 86, 145–153.
Sequi, P., F. Tittarelli and A. Bendetti. 2000. The role of sludge
on the reintegration of soil fertility.-in: in: Langenkamp, H.
and L. Marmo (Eds.) 120-132.
Singh, C.P.J. and S.S. Singh. 1999. Effect of urea and sludge
based compost application on the yield of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). Madras Agricultural Journal 86, 511-3.
Smith, S.R. 1994. Effect of soil pH on availability to crops of
metals in sewage sludge-created soils. I. Nickel, copper and
zinc uptake and toxicity to ryegrass. Environ Pollut
85(3):321–327. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)90054-X
Smith, S.R. 1996. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the
environment. p. 155–206. In Nutrients. CAB Int.,
Wallingford, UK.
Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th ed.
Washington DC, USA: US Government Printing Office.
SPSS 17.0. 2008. SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Chicago, IL, SPSS Inc.
Steel R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of
Statistics, Second Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Sullivan, T.S., M.E. Stromberger, M.W. Paschke and J.A.
Ippolito. 2006. Long-term impacts of infrequent biosolids
applications on chemical and microbial properties of a semiarid
rangeland soil. Biol Fertil Soils 42: 258–266. DOI
10.1007/s00374-005-0023-z
Tamrabet, L., H. Bouzerzour, M. Kribaa and M. Makhlouf. 2009.
The effect of sewage sludge application on durum wheat
(Triticum durum). International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology 11, 741–745.
Tarraso´n, D., G. Ojeda, O. Ortiz and J.M. Alcaniz. 2008.
Differences on nitrogen availability in a soil amended with
fresh, composted and thermally-dried sewage sludge.
Bioresource Technology 99, 252–259.
White, C.S., S.R Loftin, R. Aguilar. 1997. Application of
biosolids to degraded semiarid rangeland: nine-year response.
J. Environ. Qual. 26:1663–1671.
Wong, J.W. and D.C. Su. 1997. The growth of Agropyron
elongatum in an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and
sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 59(1), 57–62
Delıbacak, S., & Ongun, A. R. (2016). INFLUENCE OF TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATIONS ON CORN AND SUCCEEDING WHEAT YIELD AND ON SOME PROPERTIES OF SANDY CLAY SOIL. Turkish Journal Of Field Crops, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.88475
Turkish Journal of Field Crops is published by the Society of Field Crops Science and issued twice a year. Owner : Prof. Dr. Behçet KIR Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture,Department of Field Crops Editor in Chief : Prof. Dr. Emre ILKER Address : 848 sok. 2. Beyler İşhanı No:72, Kat:3 D.313 35000 Konak-Izmir, TURKEY Email : turkishjournaloffieldcrops@gmail.com contact@field-crops.org Tel : +90 232 3112679 Tel/Fax : : +90 232 3432474