FORAGE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF DIFFERENT FIELD PEA CULTIVARS AND OAT MIXTURES GROWN AS WINTER CROPS

Abstract

Monoculture and intensive use of mechanization and inorganic chemicals are leading to degradation and erosion of our soils and agro-ecosystems. At the same time, the production of animal feeds that are rich in protein is constantly decreasing in many European countries. Modest cultivation needs, favorable content of nutrients, and beneficial effect on the environment, make field pea and oat mixtures promising crops to tackle these issues. In three growing seasons and without irrigation or fertilisation, we have examined two basic field pea cultivars (Kosmaj, OS Adam) and one leafless cultivar (OS Letin) intercropped with oat (NS Jadar), with seeding rates, field pea: oat – 100:10%; 100:20%. Results have shown that basic type cultivars have better overall development and higher yields compared to leafless cultivar, whether grown as single crops or in the mixture. Basic cultivars (OS Adam, Kosmaj) achieved higher protein content, compared to cultivar Letin, 163.9 g kg-1 , 153.3 g kg-1 , 136 g kg-1 , respectively. Yields were higher in 100:20% mixtures, compared to 100:10% mixtures and single grown crops, and we conclude that intercropping these species is superior to cultivating them separately. Protein content wasn’t significantly different between two seeding rates, thus seed rates shouldn’t be lower than 100:20%. 

Keywords

• Biomass,cereals,intercropping,legumes,mixture,productivity

References

1. AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th edn, Arlington, VA, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
2. Banik, P., A. Midya, B.K. Sarkar, S.S. Ghose. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. Eur. J. Agron. 24: 325–332.
3. Borreani, G., L. Cavallarin, S. Antoniazzi, E. Tabacco. 2006. Effect of stage of growth, wilting and inoculation in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) silages. I. Herbage composition and silage fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agr. 86: 1377-1382.
4. Bremner, J. M. 1996. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis, Part 3. Chemical methods (Ed. D. L. Sparks), 1085- 1121, SSSA, Madison.
5. Brkić, S., Z. Milaković, A. Kristek, M. Antunović. 2004. Pea yield and its quality depending on inoculation, nitrogen and molybdenum fertilization. Plant Soil Environ. 50: 39-45.
6. Carr, M.P., R.D. Horsley and W.W. Poland. 2004. Barley, oat, and cereal–pea mixtures as dryland forages in the northern great plains. Agron. J. 96: 677-684.
7. Chapagain, T. and A. Riseman. 2014. Barley–pea intercropping: Effects on land productivity, carbon and nitrogen transformations. Field Crop. Res. 166: 18–25.
8. Chapko, L.B., M.A. Brinkman, K.A. Albrecht. 2013. Oat, oatpea, barley, and barley-pea for forage yield, forage quality, and alfalfa establishment. J. Prod. Agric. 4: 486-491.

9. Coll, L., A. Cerrudo, R. Rizzalli, J.P. Monzon, F.H. Andrade. 2012. Capture and use of water and radiation in summer intercrops in the south–east Pampas of Argentina. Field Crop. Res. 134: 105–113.
10. Deveikyte, I., Z. Kadziuliene, L. Sarunaite. 2009. Weed suppressionability of spring cereal crops and peas in pure and mixed stands. Agron. Res. 7: 239–244.
11. Egner, H., H. Riehm, W.R. Domingo. 1960. Untersuchungen über die chemische Bodenanalyse als Grundlage für die Beurte ilung des Nährstoffzustandes der Böden. II. Chemische Extraktionsmethoden zur Phosphor- und Kaliumbestimmung. Kungliga Lantbrukshögskolans annaler. 26: 199-215.
12. Gronle, A., H. Böhm, J. Heß. 2014. Effect of intercropping winter peas of differing leaf type and time of flowering on annual weed infestation in deep and shallow ploughed soils and on pea pests. Landbauforsch. Volk. 64: 31-44.
13. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., P. Ambus, E.S. Jensen. 2001. Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea–barley intercropping. Field Crop Res. 70: 101–109.
14. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., M. Gooding, P. Ambus, G. CorreHellou, Y. Crozat, C. Dahlmann, A. Dibet, P. Fragstein, A. Pristeri, M. Monti, E.S. Jensen. 2009. Pea–barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems. Field Crop Res. 113: 64–71.
15. Henseler, M., I. Piot-Lepetit, E. Ferrari, A.D. Mellado, M. Banse, H. Grethe, C. Parisi, S. Helaine. 2013. On the asynchronous approvals of GM crops: Potential market impacts of a trade disruption of EU soy imports. Food Policy. 41: 166-176.
16. Hoffman, R., F. Der. 2003. Yield of different green forage crops, in pure stand and in mixtures Part 1: Spring (two roweed), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and vetch (Vicia sp. L.). Agric. Conspec. Sci. 68: 275-297.
17. Javanmard, A., Y. Nasiri, F. Shekari. 2014. Competition and dry matter yield in intercrops of barley and legume for forage. Albanian J. Agri. Sci. 13: 22-32.
18. Krga, I., A. Simić, Z. Bijelić, V. Mandić, S. Vasiljević, Đ. Karagić, D. Milić. 2016. Interspecies relations and yield of different field pea/oats mixtures. Annals of the University of Craiova – Agricluture, Montanology, Cadastre Sercies. 46: 199-205. Craiova, Romania.
19. Krizmanić, G., T. Čupić, M. Tucak, S. Popović. 2017. Agronomic value of spring field pea breeding lines and varieties for green forage production (Pisum sativum L.). Poljoprivreda. 23: 17-21.
20. Li, L., J.H. Sun, F.S. Zhang, X.L. Li, S.C. Yang, Z. Rengel. 2001. Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping. I. Yield advantage and interspecific interaction on nutrients. Field Crops Res. 71: 123–137.
21. Lithourgidis, A.S., C. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, D.N. Vlachostergios. 2011. Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5: 396-410.
22. Maxin, G., D. Andueza, A. Le Morvan, R. Baumont. 2016. Effect of intercropping vetch (Vicia sativa L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale) on drymatter yield, nutritive and ensiling characteristics when harvested at two growth stages. Grass Forage Sci. 72: 4.
23. Mead, R. and R. Willey. 1980. The Concept of a ‘Land Equivalent Ratio’ and Advantages in Yields from Intercropping. Exp. Agr. 16: 217-228.
24. Pelicano, A., M. Romeo, A. Pristeri, G. Preiti, M. Monti. 2015. Cereal-pea intercrops to improve sustainability in bioethanol production. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35(2): 827–835.
25. Poggio, S. 2005. Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 109: 48-58.
26. Prusinski, J. 2016. Overwintering and Yield of Winter Cultivars of Field Pea Assas And White Lupine Orus. Electron. J. Pol. Agric. Univ. 19: p1-17, 17.
27. Rauber, R., K. Schmidtke, F.H. Kimpel. 2001. The performance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its role in determining yield advantages in mixed stands of pea and oat (Avena sativa L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 187: 69–144.
28. Sekamatte, B.M., M.O. Latigo, M.R.A. Smith. 2003. Effects of maize–legume intercrops on termite damage to maize, activity of predatory ants and maize yields in Uganda. Crop Prot. 22: 87-93.
29. Shereena, J. and N. Salim. 2006. Chilling tolerance in Pisum sativum L. seeds: an ecological adaptation. Asian J. Plant Sci. 5: 1047–1050.
30. Sukhdev, S.M. 2012. Improving crop yield, N uptake and economic returns by intercropping barley or canola with pea. Agri. Sci. 3: 1023-1033.
31. Tan, M. and, Y. Serin. 1996. A study on the determination of optimum mixture rates and cutting stage for different vetch+cereal mixtures. Ataturk Univ. J. Fac. Agri. 27: 475- 489.
32. Tekeli, A.S., E. Ates. 2003. Yield and its components in field pea (Pisum arvense L.) lines. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 4: 313-318.
33. Turk, M., S. Albayrak, O. Yuksel. 2011. Effect of seeding rate on the forage yields and quality in pea cultivars of differing leaf types. Turk. J. Field Crops. 16: 137-141.
34. Uzun, A., F. Asik. 2012. The effect of mixture rates and cutting stages on some yield and quality characters of pea (Pisum sativum L.) + oats (Avena sativa L.) mixture. Turk. J. Field Crops. 17: 62-66.
35. Vasiljević, S., D. Milić, Đ, Kragić, V. Mihailović, D. Mikić, D. Živanov, B. Milošević, S, Katanski. 2016. Yield of Forage Pea-Cereal Intercropping Using Three Seed Ratios at Two Maturity Stages. In: Roldán-Ruiz I., J. Baert, D. Reheul. (eds) Breeding in a World of Scarcity. Springer, Cham. 215- 218.
36. Živanov, D., R. Jevtić, S. Tančić, S. Vasiljević, S. Maširević. 2014. Control of winter forage pea diseases by pea-oat intercropping under field conditions. Pestic. Phytomed. 29: 131–136.