COMBINING ABILITY FOR CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN TROPICAL SWEET AND WAXY CORN DERIVED FROM EXOTIC GERMPLASM

Abstract

Vegetable corn with an excellent, balance proportion of kernel carbohydrates in relation to good eating quality appeals to consumers. Sweet-waxy corn hybrid is proposed to improve palatability of traditional cooked waxy corn, well known as synergistic corn. We determined genetic effects of sugars, phytoglycogen, total starch, and amylopectin and estimated general combining ability of parents for these traits. Three sweet corn lines assigned as female were crossed with eight waxy corn lines as male following the North Carolina II. About 11 parents, 24 F1 progenies, and 3 checks were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications in two seasons between 2017-2018. Then, entry means of 38 genotypes was clustered with dendogram. Additive effect was important for favored kernel carbohydrates except for phytoglycogen. Two sweet corn lines 101LBW and 101LTSC-10 were proposed as broad-based testers for total sugar and sugar fractions, whereas a waxy corn line KVMON for total starch and amylopectin. Cluster analysis based on amylopectin, total sugar, and phytoglycogen was reliable to discriminate corn genotypes into seven major groups, and two sweet-waxy corn F1 hybrids 101LTSC-10/C13-1 and 101LTSC-10/KV3473 corresponding to our selection criteria were identified. Implications in plant breeding and suggestions for further investigations are discussed.

Keywords

• Amylopectin
• hybrid breeding
• maize
• palatability improvement
• phytoglycogen
• total sugar

References

1. Ayers, J.E. and R.G. Creech. 1969. Genetic control of phytoglycogen accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci. 9:739–741.
2. Azanza, F., B.P. Klein and J.A. Juvik. 1996a. Sensory characterization of sweet corn lines differing in physical and chemical composition. J. Food. Sci. 61(1): 253-257.
3. Azanza, F., A. Bar-Zur and J.A. Juvik. 1996b. Variation in sweet corn kernel characteristics associated with stand establishment and eating quality. Euphytica 87: 7-18.
4. Bailey, D.M. and R.M. Bailey. 1938. The relation of the pericarp to tenderness in sweet corn. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 36:555–559.
5. Black, R.C., J.D. Loerch, F.J. McArdle and R.G. Creech. 1966. Genetic interactions affecting maize phytogiycogen and the phytoglycogen-forming branching enzyme. Genetics 53: 661-668.
6. Boyer, C.D. and L.C. Hannah. 2001. Kernel mutants of corn. In Specialty Corns: Second Edition, ed. Hallauer, A.R., 10-40, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC.
7. Comstock, R.E. and H.F. Robinson. 1948. The components of genetic variance in populations of biparental progenies and their use in estimating the average degree of dominance. Biometrics 4: 254-266.
8. Creech, R.G. 1965. Genetic control of carbohydrate synthesis in maize endosperm. Genetics 52: 1175–1186.

9. Falconer, D.S. 1989. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. London: Oliver and Boyd.
10. Fergason, V. 2001. High amylose and waxy corns. In Specialty Corns: Second Edition, ed. Hallauer, A.R., 71-92, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC.
11. Flora, L.F. and R.C. Wiley. 1974. Sweet corn aroma, chemical components, and relative importance in the overall flavor response. J. Food Sci. 39: 770–773.
12. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.
13. Hallauer, A.R., M.J. Carena and J.B. Miranda Filho. 2010. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding. New York: Springer.
14. Has, V. and I. Has. 2009. Genetic inheritance of some important characters of sweet corn. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 37: 244-248.
15. Holland, J.B., W.E. Nyquist and C.T. Cervantez-Martínez. 2003. Estimating and interpreting heritability for plant breeding: An update. Plant Breed. Rev. 22: 2-112.
16. Jung, T.W., S. Song, B.Y. Son, J.T. Kim, S.B. Baek, C.K. Kim, S.L. Kim, S.J. Kim, S.K. Kim, K.J. Park, H.M. Shin and C.S. Huh. 2009. A black waxy hybrid corn, “Heukjinjuchal” with good eating quality. Korean J. Breed. Sci. 41(4): 599-602.
17. Jung, T.W., S.L. Kim, H.G. Moon, B.Y. Son, S.J. Kim and S.K. Kim. 2005. Major characteristics related on eating quality and classification of inbred lines of waxy corn. Korean J. Breed. Sci. 50: 161-166.
18. Ketthaisong, D., B. Suriharn, R. Tangwongchai and K. Lertrat. 2014. Combining ability analysis in complete diallel cross of waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina) for starch pasting viscosity characteristics. Sci. Hortic. 175:229-235.
19. Khanduri, A., B.M. Prasanna, F. Hossain and P.C. Lakhera. 2010. Genetic analyses and association studies of yield components and kernel sugar concentration in sweet corn. Indian J. Genet. 70(3): 257-263.
20. King, D.L., B. Jasthi and J. Pettit. 2017. Appendix 1—Composition of grains and grain products. In Cereal Grains, ed. Wrigley, C., Batey, I., Miskelly, D., 727-750, Woodhead Publishing, Duxford.
21. Lertrat, K. and N. Thongnarin. 2008. Novel approach to eating quality improvement in local waxy corn: improvement of sweet taste in local waxy corn variety with mixed kernels from super sweet corn. Acta Hortic. 769: 145-150.
22. Lu, D., X. Sun, F. Yan, X. Wang, R. Xu and W. Lu. 2013. Effects of high temperature during grain filling under control conditions on the physicochemical properties of waxy maize flour. Carbohydr. Polym. 98(1): 302-310.
23. Menkir, A., M.O. Olowolafe, I. Ingelbrecht, I. Fawole, B. Badu-Apraku and B.I. Vroh. 2006. Assessment of testcross performance and genetic diversity of yellow endosperm maize lines derived from adapted × exotic backcrosses. Theor. Appl. Genet. 113: 90-99.
24. Reyes, F.G.R., G.W. Varseveld and M.C. Kuhn. 1982. Sugar composition and flavour quality of high sugar (shrunken) and normal sweet corn. J. Food Sci. 47:753–755.
25. Rodríguez, F., G. Alvarado, A. Pacheco, J. Crossa and J. Burgueño. 2018. AGD-R (Analysis of Genetic Designs with R for Windows) version 5.0. Mexico: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
26. Rojas, B.A. and G.F. Sprague. 1952. A comparison of variance components in corn yield traits; general and specific combining abilities and their interaction with locations and years. Agron. J. 44: 462-466.
27. Rosenbrook, R.W. and R.H. Andrew. 1971. Diallel analyses of kernel carbohydrates in sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci. 11(4): 536-538.
28. SAS Institute Inc. 2009. JMP trial 15.0.0 (403428), www.jmp.com, (Accessed January 15, 2020).
29. Simla, S., K. Lertrat and B. Suriharn. 2016. Combination of multiple genes controlling endosperm characters in relation to maximum eating quality of vegetable waxy corn. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 48: 210-218.
30. Simla, S., K. Lertrat and B. Suriharn. 2009. Gene effects of sugar compositions in waxy corn. Asian J. Plant Sci. 8: 417-424.
31. Simla, S., K. Lertrat and B. Suriharn. 2010. Carbohydrate characters of six vegetable waxy corn varieties as affected by harvest time and storage duration. Asian J. Plant Sci. 9: 463-470.
32. Singh, R.K. and B.D. Chaudhary. 1985. Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers.
33. So, Y.S. 2019. Pericarp thickness of Korean maize landraces. Plant Genet. Resour-C. 17(1): 87-90.
34. Sprague, G.F. and L.A. Tatum. 1942. General vs. specific combining ability in single crosses of corn. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 34: 923-932.
35. Stamp, P., S. Eicke, S. Jampatong, H. Le-Huy, C. Jompuk, F. Escher and S. Streb. 2016. Southeast Asian waxy maize (Zea mays L.), a resource for amylopectin starch quality types? Plant Genet. Resour. 15: 430-437.
36. Statistix 10. 2013. Analytical software, http://statistix.com, (Accessed November 20, 2017).
37. Swiader, J.M., G.W. Ware and J.P. McCollum. 1992. Sweet corn. In Producing Vegetable Crops. 4th ed. Interstate Publ., Inc., 477-494, Danville, Illinois.
38. Tian, M., G. Tan, Y. Liu, T. Rong and Y. Huang. 2009. Origin and evolution of Chinese waxy maize: evidence from the Globulin-1 gene. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 56: 274-255.
39. Wann, E.V., G.B. Brown and W.A. Hills. 1971. Genetic modification of sweet corn quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96:441–444.
40. Wong, A.D., J.A. Juvik, D.C. Breeden and J.M. Swiader. 1994. Shrunken2 sweet corn yield and the chemical components of quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119(4): 747-755.
41. Yang, H., Y. Shi, R. Xu, D. Lu and W. Lu. 2016. Effects of shading after pollination on kernel filling and physicochemical quality traits of waxy maize. Crop J. 4: 235-245.