INVESTIGATIONS ON THE AGRONOMIC AND SPORTS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TURF ALTERNATIVES CUT AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS IN A MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT
Year 2019,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 178 - 184, 15.12.2019
Ali Salman
,
Behcet Kır
,
Rıza Avcıoglu
,
Sukru Sezgi Ozkan
Abstract
In an attempt to investigate the turf alternatives most adaptable to sports fields under Mediterranean ecology,
three different turf alternatives (1- Tall Fescue 100%, 2- Tall Fescue 60% + Perennial Rye Grass 40% and 3-
Traditional Cool Season Sports Turf Mixture: Perennial Rye Grass 50%, Creeping Red Fescue 20%,
Chewing's Red Fescue 10%, Sheep Fescue 10%, Kentucky Blue Grass 10%) under three vertical cutting
height regimes (12 - 22 - 32 mm) were tested in the turf experimental fields of Ege University Bayindir
Vocational School, Izmir/Turkey in 2012-2014. Turf color and cover were determined to evaluate the
adaptability of selected turf alternatives in the experiment. Ball rebound, ball roll, and evenness were also
measured to identify the playing quality parameters of these turf stands in the same experimental plots. The
overall results obtained from the experiment revealed that statistically significant differences occurred among
the turf alternatives and different cutting heights. However, pure tall fescue turf and the 60% tall fescue +
40% perennial rye grass turf mixture performed better than the traditional mixture. Although significant
differences were recorded among the mowing heights, pure tall fescue turf displayed better performance
compared to traditional cool season sports turf mixture.
Supporting Institution
TUBITAK
Thanks
Research study (112O130) founded by The Scientific
and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK).
References
- Acikgoz, N., E. Ilker and A. Gokcol, 2004. Assessment of
Biological Research on the Computer. EU, TOTEM, Izmir.
- Avcioglu, R. 1997. Turf Technique (Turf Establishment &
Management). Izmir. Ege University Press (In Turkish).
- Avcioglu, R., B. Kir, A. Salman, S.S. Ozkan and T. Erasik,
2013. Turf quality and soccer playing characteristics of some
turf alternatives mowed at different heights. In: Proceedings
of the 24th International Scientific-Expert-Conference of
Agriculture and Food Industry, Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 25-28 September 2013. Faculty of Agriculture
and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 2013. p. 352-356.
- Baker, S.W. and M.J. Bell. 1986. The playing characteristics of
natural turf and synthetic turf surfaces for association
football. Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute. 62:9-35
- Baker, S.W. and P.M. Canaway. 1993. Concepts of playing
quality: criteria and measurement. International Turfgrass
Society Research Journal. 20(7): 172-181.
- Beard, J.B., 1973. Turfgrass Science and Culture, Englewood
Cliffs, N, J. Printice Hall, London.
- Bell, M.J., S.W. Baker and P.M. Canaway. 1985. Playing
Quality of Sports Surfaces: A Review. Journal of the Sports
Turf Research Institute, 61: 26-45.
- Beyrouty, C.A., C.P. West and E.E. Gbur. 1991. Root
Development of Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue as Affected
by Cuting Interval and Growth Regulators. Plant and Soil.
127(1): 23-30.
- Bilgili, U. and E. Acikgoz. 2005. Year-Round Nitrogen
Fertilization Effects on Growth and Quality of Sports Turf
Mixtures. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(2): 299-307.
- Bilgili, U. and E. Acikgoz. 2011. Effects of slow-release
fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture, Turkish Journal of
Field Crops 16(2): 130-136.
- Demiroglu, G., H. Geren, B. Kir and R. Avcioglu. 2010.
Performances of some cool season turfgrass cultivars in
Mediterranean environment: II. Festuca arundinaceae
Schreb., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra spp. rubra L.,
Festuca rubra spp. trichophylla Gaud and Festuca rubra spp.
commutata Gaud., Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15(2):
180-187.
- FIFA. 2005. The FIFA quality concept for football turf. FIFA
Marketing XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250,
Switzerland.
- FIFA. 2009a. The FIFA quality concept for football turf,
handbook of requirements May edition. FIFA Marketing
XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250, Switzerland, pp:24.
- FIFA. 2009b. The FIFA quality concept for football turf,
handbook of test methods May 2009 edition. FIFA
Marketing XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250,
Switzerland, pp: 42.
- Grossi, N., M. Volterrani, S. Magni and S. Miele. 2004. Tall
fescue turf quality and soccer playing characteristics as
affected by moving height. Acta Hortic: 661: 319-322 DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.41.
- Gul, A. and R. Avcioglu. 1997. Investigations on the Suitability
of Some Turfgrass Alternatives for the Coastal Parts of Ege
Region and Their Performance in Various Sods, Ph. D.
Thesis, Ege University, Institude of Science and Technology,
Bornova-Izmir.
- Harivandi, M.A., V.A. Gibeault, M.J. Henry, L. Wu, P.M.
Geisel and C.L. Unruh. 2008. Turfgrass selection for the
home landscape. UCANR Publications.
- Hessayon, D.G. 1982. The Lawn Expert. Britannica House,
Waltham Cross, Herts England.
- Huang, B. and H. Gao. 2000. Root Physiological Characteristics
Associated with Drought Resistance in Tall Fescue
Cultivars. Crop Science. 40: 196-203.
- Kir, B., R. Avcioglu, G. Demiroglu and A. Simic. 2010.
Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in
Mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca
arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., Turkish Journal of
Field Crops 15(2): 174-179
- Kir, B., R. Avcioglu, A. Salman and S.S. Ozkan. 2014. Soccer
Playing Characteristics of Some Soccer Fields Around
Izmir/Turkey under Mediterranean Conditions, 25th
International Scientific-Expert Conference of Agriculture
and Food Industry, 25-27 September 2014, Book of
Abstracts, Pp: 17, Cesme/Turkey.
- Lulli, F., M. Volterrani, S. Magni, N. Grossi, M. Gaetani and A.
Pompeiano. 2004. Evaluation of the playing characteristics
of a new hybrid natural-artificial grass pitch. 1st European
Turfgrass Society Conference. pp: 117-118.
- Martin, D. 2007. Selecting a Lawn Grass for Oklahoma.
Accessed on May 31, 2019 from
http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/
docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-997/F-6418web.pdf
- Martiniello, P. 2005. Variability of turf quality and
phytocoenoses in areas of play in football grounds in
Mediterranean environments. Agri. Med. 135: 209–220
- Miller, G.L. 2004. Analysis of soccer field surface hardness.
Acta Hortic. 661, 287-294 DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.36.
- Morris, K.N. and R.C. Shearman. 1998. NTEP Turfgrass
Evaluation Guidelines, In NTEP Turfgrass Evaluation
Workshop, Beltsville, MD, 5p.
- Orchard, J. 2002. Is there a relationship between ground and
climatic conditions and injuries in football. Sports Med.; 32
(7):419-432.
- Ozkan, S.S., B. Kir and R. Avcioglu. 2014. Effect of mowing
heights on the performances of some turf alternatives in
Mediterranean ecology. 24th International Scientific-Expert
Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry. pp. 337-340.
- Salisbury, F. B. and C. W. Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology,
Wadsworth Pub. Com., Inc., Belmont, California-USA.
- Salman, A., R. Avcioglu, M. Yılmaz and G. Demiroglu. 2011a.
Performances of newly introduced Festuca arundinacea
Schreb. cultivars versus Lolium perenne L. in a
Mediterranean environment, Turkish Journal of Field Crops
16(2): 215-219
- Salman, A., R. Avcioglu, H. Oztarhan, A.C. Cevheri and H.
Okkaoglu. 2011b. Performances of Different Cool Season
Turf Grasses and Some Mixtures under Mediterranean
Environmental Condition. International Journal of
Agriculture and Biology 13: 529-534.
- Saunders, N., D. Twomey and L. Otage. 2011. Clegg hammer
measures and human external landing forces: is there a
relationship? International Journal of Sports Science and
Engineering 5(4): 231-236.
- Schildrick, J. 1984. Turfgrass Manual, The Sports Turf Research
Institute Publ., Bingley, England, 60 pp.
- Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of
Statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGrawHill, New York, USA, pp. 20-90.
- Uzun, P. and U. Bilgili. 2011. Effects of wastewater sludge on
growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.). Turkish
Journal of Field Crops 16(2): 203-209.
- Volterrani, M. and S. Magni. 2004. Species and growing media
for sports turfs in Mediterranean area. Acta Hortic. 661, 359-
364 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.48.
- Watschke, T.L. and R.E. Schmidt. 1992. Ecological aspects of
turf communities. Waddington, D.V., Carrow, R.N. And
Shearman, C.R. (Eds.). Turfgrass, American Society of
Agronomy, Inc. Agronomy. 32: 129-174.
Year 2019,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 178 - 184, 15.12.2019
Ali Salman
,
Behcet Kır
,
Rıza Avcıoglu
,
Sukru Sezgi Ozkan
References
- Acikgoz, N., E. Ilker and A. Gokcol, 2004. Assessment of
Biological Research on the Computer. EU, TOTEM, Izmir.
- Avcioglu, R. 1997. Turf Technique (Turf Establishment &
Management). Izmir. Ege University Press (In Turkish).
- Avcioglu, R., B. Kir, A. Salman, S.S. Ozkan and T. Erasik,
2013. Turf quality and soccer playing characteristics of some
turf alternatives mowed at different heights. In: Proceedings
of the 24th International Scientific-Expert-Conference of
Agriculture and Food Industry, Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 25-28 September 2013. Faculty of Agriculture
and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 2013. p. 352-356.
- Baker, S.W. and M.J. Bell. 1986. The playing characteristics of
natural turf and synthetic turf surfaces for association
football. Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute. 62:9-35
- Baker, S.W. and P.M. Canaway. 1993. Concepts of playing
quality: criteria and measurement. International Turfgrass
Society Research Journal. 20(7): 172-181.
- Beard, J.B., 1973. Turfgrass Science and Culture, Englewood
Cliffs, N, J. Printice Hall, London.
- Bell, M.J., S.W. Baker and P.M. Canaway. 1985. Playing
Quality of Sports Surfaces: A Review. Journal of the Sports
Turf Research Institute, 61: 26-45.
- Beyrouty, C.A., C.P. West and E.E. Gbur. 1991. Root
Development of Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue as Affected
by Cuting Interval and Growth Regulators. Plant and Soil.
127(1): 23-30.
- Bilgili, U. and E. Acikgoz. 2005. Year-Round Nitrogen
Fertilization Effects on Growth and Quality of Sports Turf
Mixtures. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(2): 299-307.
- Bilgili, U. and E. Acikgoz. 2011. Effects of slow-release
fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture, Turkish Journal of
Field Crops 16(2): 130-136.
- Demiroglu, G., H. Geren, B. Kir and R. Avcioglu. 2010.
Performances of some cool season turfgrass cultivars in
Mediterranean environment: II. Festuca arundinaceae
Schreb., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra spp. rubra L.,
Festuca rubra spp. trichophylla Gaud and Festuca rubra spp.
commutata Gaud., Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15(2):
180-187.
- FIFA. 2005. The FIFA quality concept for football turf. FIFA
Marketing XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250,
Switzerland.
- FIFA. 2009a. The FIFA quality concept for football turf,
handbook of requirements May edition. FIFA Marketing
XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250, Switzerland, pp:24.
- FIFA. 2009b. The FIFA quality concept for football turf,
handbook of test methods May 2009 edition. FIFA
Marketing XTVAG, Grafenciuweg 2, P.O. Box 4250,
Switzerland, pp: 42.
- Grossi, N., M. Volterrani, S. Magni and S. Miele. 2004. Tall
fescue turf quality and soccer playing characteristics as
affected by moving height. Acta Hortic: 661: 319-322 DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.41.
- Gul, A. and R. Avcioglu. 1997. Investigations on the Suitability
of Some Turfgrass Alternatives for the Coastal Parts of Ege
Region and Their Performance in Various Sods, Ph. D.
Thesis, Ege University, Institude of Science and Technology,
Bornova-Izmir.
- Harivandi, M.A., V.A. Gibeault, M.J. Henry, L. Wu, P.M.
Geisel and C.L. Unruh. 2008. Turfgrass selection for the
home landscape. UCANR Publications.
- Hessayon, D.G. 1982. The Lawn Expert. Britannica House,
Waltham Cross, Herts England.
- Huang, B. and H. Gao. 2000. Root Physiological Characteristics
Associated with Drought Resistance in Tall Fescue
Cultivars. Crop Science. 40: 196-203.
- Kir, B., R. Avcioglu, G. Demiroglu and A. Simic. 2010.
Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in
Mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca
arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., Turkish Journal of
Field Crops 15(2): 174-179
- Kir, B., R. Avcioglu, A. Salman and S.S. Ozkan. 2014. Soccer
Playing Characteristics of Some Soccer Fields Around
Izmir/Turkey under Mediterranean Conditions, 25th
International Scientific-Expert Conference of Agriculture
and Food Industry, 25-27 September 2014, Book of
Abstracts, Pp: 17, Cesme/Turkey.
- Lulli, F., M. Volterrani, S. Magni, N. Grossi, M. Gaetani and A.
Pompeiano. 2004. Evaluation of the playing characteristics
of a new hybrid natural-artificial grass pitch. 1st European
Turfgrass Society Conference. pp: 117-118.
- Martin, D. 2007. Selecting a Lawn Grass for Oklahoma.
Accessed on May 31, 2019 from
http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/
docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-997/F-6418web.pdf
- Martiniello, P. 2005. Variability of turf quality and
phytocoenoses in areas of play in football grounds in
Mediterranean environments. Agri. Med. 135: 209–220
- Miller, G.L. 2004. Analysis of soccer field surface hardness.
Acta Hortic. 661, 287-294 DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.36.
- Morris, K.N. and R.C. Shearman. 1998. NTEP Turfgrass
Evaluation Guidelines, In NTEP Turfgrass Evaluation
Workshop, Beltsville, MD, 5p.
- Orchard, J. 2002. Is there a relationship between ground and
climatic conditions and injuries in football. Sports Med.; 32
(7):419-432.
- Ozkan, S.S., B. Kir and R. Avcioglu. 2014. Effect of mowing
heights on the performances of some turf alternatives in
Mediterranean ecology. 24th International Scientific-Expert
Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry. pp. 337-340.
- Salisbury, F. B. and C. W. Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology,
Wadsworth Pub. Com., Inc., Belmont, California-USA.
- Salman, A., R. Avcioglu, M. Yılmaz and G. Demiroglu. 2011a.
Performances of newly introduced Festuca arundinacea
Schreb. cultivars versus Lolium perenne L. in a
Mediterranean environment, Turkish Journal of Field Crops
16(2): 215-219
- Salman, A., R. Avcioglu, H. Oztarhan, A.C. Cevheri and H.
Okkaoglu. 2011b. Performances of Different Cool Season
Turf Grasses and Some Mixtures under Mediterranean
Environmental Condition. International Journal of
Agriculture and Biology 13: 529-534.
- Saunders, N., D. Twomey and L. Otage. 2011. Clegg hammer
measures and human external landing forces: is there a
relationship? International Journal of Sports Science and
Engineering 5(4): 231-236.
- Schildrick, J. 1984. Turfgrass Manual, The Sports Turf Research
Institute Publ., Bingley, England, 60 pp.
- Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of
Statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGrawHill, New York, USA, pp. 20-90.
- Uzun, P. and U. Bilgili. 2011. Effects of wastewater sludge on
growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.). Turkish
Journal of Field Crops 16(2): 203-209.
- Volterrani, M. and S. Magni. 2004. Species and growing media
for sports turfs in Mediterranean area. Acta Hortic. 661, 359-
364 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.48.
- Watschke, T.L. and R.E. Schmidt. 1992. Ecological aspects of
turf communities. Waddington, D.V., Carrow, R.N. And
Shearman, C.R. (Eds.). Turfgrass, American Society of
Agronomy, Inc. Agronomy. 32: 129-174.