Smoking frequency, nicotine dependence, and factors related to nicotine dependence during the COVID-19 pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 87 - 98, 30.08.2022

Aysun Güzel

https://doi.org/10.56150/tjhsl.1089407

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The present study aimed to reveal the frequencies of tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use and factors related to nicotine dependence during the COVID-19 among individuals living in the central district of Burdur, Turkey. We carried out this cross-sectional, epidemiological study between April and August, 2021. The sample was composed of 660 people selected using the cluster sampling technique. We collected the data using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and a 20-item literature-grounded questionnaire. We then analyzed the data using an independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. About one-fourth of the participants (23.6%) reported current use of alcohol, while the rates of tobacco smokers and e-cigarette users were 59.7% and 5.6%, respectively. We determined 39.6% to have moderate-level nicotine dependence. Moreover, the participants’ FTND scores significantly differed by employment in gender, a paid job, perceived health status, and alcohol use along with smoking (p = 0.003, p = 0.029, p = 0.009, and p = 0.002, respectively). Overall, we concluded that the participants had high frequencies of tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use and an elevated nicotine addiction level during the pandemic.

Keywords

COVID-19, e-cigarette, nicotine dependence, smoking

References

• 1. World Health Organization. (2021). Tobacco. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. (Accessed September 3, 2021).
• 2. World Health Organization. (2020). Summary results of the global youth tobacco survey, in selected countries of the WHO European Region. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336752/WHO-EURO-2020-1513-41263-56157-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (Accessed September 3, 2021).
• 3. Azulay Chertok, I.R. (2020). Perceived risk of infection and smoking behavior change during COVID-19 in Ohio. Public Health Nurs, 00, 1–9. doi: 10.1111/phn.12814
• 4. Kashyap, V.K., Dhasmana, A., Massey, A., Kotnala, S., Zafar, N., Jaggi, M., Yallapu Murali, M., & Chauhan Subhash, C. (2020). Smoking and COVID-19: Adding fuel to the flame. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 21, 6581. doi:10.3390/ijms21186581
• 5. Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını sonrası 20-60 yaş arası bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılıklarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 159-174.
• 6. Fidanci, İ., Aksoy, H., Yengil Taci, D., Ayhan Başer, D., & Cankurtaran, M. (2021). Evaluation of the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on smoking addiction levels. J Clin Pract, 75, e14012. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14012
• 7. Yingst, J.M., Krebs, N.M., Bordner, C.R., Hobkirk, A.L., Allen, S.I., & Foulds, J. (2021). Tobacco use changes and perceived health risks among current tobacco users during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041795
• 8. Klemperer, E.M., West, J.C., Peasley-Miklus, C., & Villanti, A.C. (2020). Change in tobacco and electronic cigarette use and motivation to quit in response to COVID-19. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(9), 1662-1663. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa072
• 9. Yang, H., & Ma, J. (2021). How the COVID-19 pandemic impacts tobacco addiction: Changes in smoking behavior and associations with well-being. Addict Behav, 119, 106917. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106917
• 10. Gravely, S., Craig, L.V., Cummings, K.M., Ouimet, J., Loewen, R., Martin, N., Chung-Hall J., Driezen P., Hitchman, S.C., McNeill, A., Hyland, A., Quah, A.C.K., O’Connor R.J., Borland, R., Thompson, M.E., Boudreau, C., & Fong, G.T. (2021). Smokers’ cognitive and behavioural reactions during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. PLoS One, 16(6), e0252427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252427
• 11. Yenibertiz, D., Akıncı Özyürek, B., Şengezer, T., Gökler, E., Söğütlük Dığrak, G., & Koç, F. (2021). Evaluation of changes in the smoking habits of patients with coronavirus disease-19. East J Med, 26(1), 145-150. doi: 10.5505/ejm.2021.62681
• 12. Güven Tezcan, S. (2017). Temel Epidemiyoloji. Ankara: Hipokrat Kitabevi.
• 13. Türkiye Nüfusu İl İlçe Mahalle Köy Nüfusları. (2021). Burdur Merkez Nüfusu. Web adresi https://www.nufusune.com/merkez-ilce-nufusu-burdur. (Erişim 16 Şubat 2021).
• 14. Nüfusu.com. Burdur Nüfusu. (2021). Web adresi https://www.nufusu.com/il/burdur-nufusu#:~:text=Burdur%20n%C3%BCfusu%202020%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1na%20g%C3%B6re,%2C%20%49%2C78%20kad%C4%B1nd%C4%B1r. (Erişim 16 Şubat 2021).
• 15. Adıgüzel, İ., Durusoy, R., Çakır, N., Mandıracıoğlu, A., & Öcek, Z. (2018). Smoking prevalence and related factors among workers of Bornova Municipality in Izmir, Turkey. Tob. Induc. Dis, 16(Suppl 3), A59-29. doi: 10.18332/tid/94907
• 16. Esen, A.D., & Arıca, S. (2018). Sigarayı bırakmak için başvuranlarda nikotin bağımlılık düzeyi ve sosyodemografik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J, 18(3), 328‐336. doi: 10.17098/amj.461371
• 17. Göney, G., Topdemir, A., & Nal, B. (2019). The profile of electronic cigarette users in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 21(2), 122-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejop.ejop_79_18
• 18. Uysal, M.A., Öztuna, A., Bahadır, A., Görek Dilektaşlı, A., Karşıdağ, Ç., Horoz A., & İliaz, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Tuberk Toraks, 63(4), 250-256. doi: 10.5578/tt.8878 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2020.1585?utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jama.2020.1585
• 19. Marakoğlu, K., & Ürün Ünal, G. (2019). Prevalence of tobacco use in university public employees and evaluation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on this subject. Anatol J Family Med, 2(2), 58–67. doi: 10.14744/Anatol J Family Med.2019.47965
• 20. İlhan, M.N., Arıkan, Z., Kotan, Z., Tunçoğlu, T., Pınarcı, M., Taşdemir A., Ay B., & Koçak, N. (2016). Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco, alcohol, substance use and drug misuse in general population in Turkey. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 53, 205-212. doi: 10.5152/npa.2015.10050
• 21. Dai, H., & Leventhal, A.M. (2019). Prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults in the United States, 2014-2018. JAMA, 322(18), 1824-1827. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.15331
• 22. World Health Organization. (2021). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2021. Available at file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/9789240032095-eng%20(2).pdf. (Accessed September 20, 2021).
• 23. Mayer, M., Reyez-Guzman, C., Grana, R., Choi, K., & Freedman, N.D. (2020). Demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, and e-cigarette use among US adults (2020). JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2020694. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20694
• 24. Karaman, S.T., Şimşek, Ç., & Toprak, D. (2019). Anxiety levels and related factors in people who want to quit smoking. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6 (4), 257-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/addicta.2020.19122
• 25. Eğribel, E. (2020). Corona sonrası otoriter yeni dünyanın izdüşümü: ev-merkezli güvensiz, güvencesiz anti-toplumsallaşma ve zihinsel, duygusal yoksullaşma. Çocuk ve Medeniyet, 5 (9), 27-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.47646/CMD.2020.197
• 26. Schnitzer, K., Jones, S., Kelley J.H.K., Tindle, H.A., Rigotti, N.A., & Kruse, G.R. (2021). A Qualitative study of the impact of COVID-19 on smoking behavior for participants in a post-hospitalization smoking cessation trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 5404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105404
• 27. Stanton, R., To Q.G,, Khalesi, S., Williams, S.L., Alley, S.J., Thwaite, T.L., Fenning, A.S., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 4065. doi:10.3390/ijerph17114065
• 28. Aherrera, A., Aravindakshan, A., Jarmul, S., Olmedo, P., Chen, R., Cohen, J.E., Navas-Acien, A., & Rule, A.M. (2020). E-cigarette use behaviors and device characteristics of Daily exclusive e-cigarette users in Maryland: Implications for product toxicity. Tob. Induc. Dis, 18(November), 93. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/128319
• 29. Sözer, Ü., Özvurmaz, S., & Durmaz, S. (2021). Sağlık çalışanlarının sigara bırakmaya yönelik desteğe hazır olma durumu ve ilişkili faktörler. TJFMPC, 15(2), 286-293. doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.782565
• 30. Terzi, Ö., Kumcağız, H., Terzi, M., & Dündar, C. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sigara kullanımı ve nikotin bağımlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(4), 168-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/addicta.2020.19134
• 31. Korkut, B., & Sevinç, N. (2021). Bir toplum sağlığı merkezi bölgesinde nikotin bağımlılığı ve etkili faktörler. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, 28(1), 137-143 doi: 10.17343/sdutfd.804271
• 32. Kutlu, R., Demirbaş, N., Yazıcı, T., & Karaoğlu, N. (2021). Sigara içenlerde psikolojik bağımlılığın ve sigara içme isteğinin bırakma başarısı üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Selcuk Med J, 37(3), 231-237. doi: 10.30733/std.2021.01509
• 33. Fırat, M., Ayran, G., & Kanbay, Y. (2019). Sigara bırakma polikliniğine başvuran bireylerin sigaraya başlama, sigara kullanma ve sigara bırakmayla ilgili özellikleri. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(4), 244-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/addicta.2020.19106
• 34. González-Roz, A., Secades-Villa, R., & Weidberg, S. (2017). Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users. Addicciones, 29(2), 136-138. doi: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.905
• 35. Schmidt, A., Neumann, M., Wirtz, M., Ernstmann, N., Staratschek-Jox, A., Stoelben, E., Wolf, J., & Pfaff, H. (2010). The influence of occupational stress factors on the nicotine dependence: a cross sectional study. Tobacco Induced Disease 8(6), 1-6. doi: 10.1186/1617-9625-8-6