Properties of Dietary Fatty Acids and Implications on Cancer

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 25 - 32, 30.04.2024

Aylar Kargar , Mendane Saka

https://doi.org/10.56150/tjhsl.1150911

Abstract

Known as one of the most significant noncommunicable diseases, cancer has a high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. Dietary fatty acids’ effect can be varied upon the structure of components. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) intakes have positive relation with the risk of dıfferent types of cancers. However, this conclusion alters based on the type of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids illustrate protective effects against cancer, while omega-6 fatty acids have pro-inflammatory activities. Moreover, ratio of omega-3: omega-6 fatty acids plays a crucial role related to cancer. Ketogenic diet is contraindication for some types of cancer. This diet in cancer patients can be used as secondary treatment, and complications peculiarly cancer cachexia could be improved which increases life quality of cancer patients. In conclusion, decreasing the risk of cancer will be possible by shifting fatty acids consumption toward more omega-3 and less omeg-6 fatty acids and decreased intake of SFAs (via less consuming of processed foods).

Keywords

Cancer, fatty acids, ketogenic diet

References

• Roy PS, Saikia BJ. Cancer and cure: A critical analysis. Indian J Cancer. 2016;53(3):441-2.
• Cancer: WHO Media Centre 2021 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.
• Escott-Stump S. Nutrition and diagnosis-related care. . Eighth edition. ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.
• Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41(3):211-8.
• Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science. 2009;324(5930):1029-33.
• Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause’s Food & the Nutrition Care Process. 14 ed: St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier; 2016. 1152 p.
• Pakiet A, Kobiela J, Stepnowski P, Sledzinski T, Mika A. Changes in lipids composition and metabolism in colorectal cancer: a review. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):29.
• Gai Z, Wang T, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Fu X, Wang Z. Lipid Accumulation and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(4).
• Barrea L, Arnone A, Annunziata G, Muscogiuri G, Laudisio D, Salzano C, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients. 2019;11(10).
• Gonzalez-Becerra K, Ramos-Lopez O, Barron-Cabrera E, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, Martinez-Lopez E, et al. Fatty acids, epigenetic mechanisms and chronic diseases: a systematic review. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):178.
• Dhaka V, Gulia N, Ahlawat KS, Khatkar BS. Trans fats-sources, health risks and alternative approach - A review. Journal of food science and technology. 2011;48(5):534-41.
• Rodwell VW, Bender DA, Botham KM, Kennelly PJ, Weil PA. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Thirtieth Edition 30 th ed: Cenveo® Publisher Services; 2015.
• Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(5):986-1000.
• Jara-Gutierrez A, Baladron V. The Role of Prostaglandins in Different Types of Cancer. Cells. 2021;10(6).
• Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y. Prostaglandin E2/EP Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(24).
• Di Costanzo F, Di Dato V, Ianora A, Romano G. Prostaglandins in Marine Organisms: A Review. Mar Drugs. 2019;17(7).
• Patrono C, Rocca B. Measurement of Thromboxane Biosynthesis in Health and Disease. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2019;10:1244.
• Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science. 2001;294(5548):1871-5.
• Innes JK, Calder PC. Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-8.
• Haeggstrom JZ. Leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes as therapeutic targets. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2018;128(7):2680-90.
• Tian W, Jiang X, Kim D, Guan T, Nicolls MR, Rockson SG. Leukotrienes in Tumor-Associated Inflammation. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2020;11:1289.
• Chandrasekharan JA, Sharma-Walia N. Lipoxins: nature's way to resolve inflammation. Journal of inflammation research. 2015;8:181-92.
• Chasen M, Bhargava R, Hirschman S. Immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of cachexia. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care. 2014;8(4):328-33.
• Prevete N, Liotti F, Amoresano A, Pucci P, de Paulis A, Melillo RM. New perspectives in cancer: Modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation resolution. Pharmacological research. 2018;128:80-7.
• Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813(5):878-88.
• Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KCH. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17105.
• Argiles JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, Lopez-Soriano FJ. Cancer cachexia: understanding the molecular basis. Nature reviews Cancer. 2014;14(11):754-62.
• Mantovani G. Cachexia and wasting : a modern approach. Milan ; New York: Springer; 2006. xxii, 758 p. p.
• Cui XB, Chen SY. White adipose tissue browning and obesity. Journal of biomedical research. 2016;31(1):1-2.
• Taylor D, Gottlieb RA. Parkin-mediated mitophagy is downregulated in browning of white adipose tissue. Obesity. 2017;25(4):704-12.
• Barreira JV. The Role of Nutrition in Cancer Patients. Nutrition and cancer. 2020:1-2.
• Chiavaroli L, Viguiliouk E, Nishi SK, Blanco Mejia S, Rahelic D, Kahleova H, et al. DASH Dietary Pattern and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Nutrients. 2019;11(2).
• El-Sherif A, El-Sherif S, Taylor AH, Ayakannu T. Ovarian Cancer: Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition. Nutrition and cancer. 2021;73(7):1092-107.
• Migliaccio S, Brasacchio C, Pivari F, Salzano C, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, et al. What is the best diet for cardiovascular wellness? A comparison of different nutritional models. International journal of obesity supplements. 2020;10(1):50-61.
• Global strategy on diet and physical activity. World Health Assembly. 2004.
• Hodge AM, Williamson EJ, Bassett JK, MacInnis RJ, Giles GG, English DR. Dietary and biomarker estimates of fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer. International journal of cancer. 2015;137(5):1224-34.
• Jackson MD, Walker SP, Simpson-Smith CM, Lindsay CM, Smith G, McFarlane-Anderson N, et al. Associations of whole-blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostate cancer in Jamaica. Cancer causes & control : CCC. 2012;23(1):23-33.
• Bernstein AM, Roizen MF, Martinez L. WITHDRWAN: Purified palmitoleic acid for the reduction of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum lipids: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of clinical lipidology. 2014;8(6):612-7.
• Bueno-Hernandez N, Sixtos-Alonso MS, Milke Garcia MDP, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Effect of Cis-palmitoleic acid supplementation on inflammation and expression of HNF4gamma, HNF4alpha and IL6 in patients with ulcerative colitis. Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica. 2017;63(3):257-63.
• Nunes EA, Rafacho A. Implications of Palmitoleic Acid (Palmitoleate) On Glucose Homeostasis, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Current drug targets. 2017;18(6):619-28.
• Cottet V, Vaysse C, Scherrer ML, Ortega-Deballon P, Lakkis Z, Delhorme JB, et al. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and colorectal cancer: a case-control study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;101(1):192-201.
• D'Angelo S, Motti ML, Meccariello R. omega-3 and omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Obesity and Cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(9).
• Schumacher MC, Laven B, Petersson F, Cederholm T, Onelov E, Ekman P, et al. A comparative study of tissue omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in benign and malignant pathologic stage pT2a radical prostatectomy specimens. Urologic oncology. 2013;31(3):318-24.
• Arem H, Neuhouser ML, Irwin ML, Cartmel B, Lu L, Risch H, et al. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intakes and endometrial cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. European journal of nutrition. 2013;52(3):1251-60.
• Shannon J, King IB, Lampe JW, Gao DL, Ray RM, Lin MG, et al. Erythrocyte fatty acids and risk of proliferative and nonproliferative fibrocystic disease in women in Shanghai, China. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009;89(1):265-76.
• Nagata M, Hata J, Hirakawa Y, Mukai N, Yoshida D, Ohara T, et al. The ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and risk of cancer death in a Japanese community: The Hisayama Study. Journal of epidemiology. 2017;27(12):578-83.
• Freitas RDS, Campos MM. Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications. Nutrients. 2019;11(5).
• Fuentes NR, Kim E, Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Omega-3 fatty acids, membrane remodeling and cancer prevention. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2018;64:79-91.
• Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17(1):62.
• Vaughan VC, Hassing MR, Lewandowski PA. Marine polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer therapy. British journal of cancer. 2013;108(3):486-92.
• Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, et al. PUFA levels in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are differentially associated with colorectal adenoma risk. The British journal of nutrition. 2017;117(11):1615-22.
• Lee JY, Sim TB, Lee JE, Na HK. Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Fish Oil derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colon Carcinogenesis. Clinical nutrition research. 2017;6(3):147-60.
• Aglago EK, Biessy C, Torres-Mejia G, Angeles-Llerenas A, Gunter MJ, Romieu I, et al. Association between serum phospholipid fatty acid levels and adiposity in Mexican women. Journal of lipid research. 2017;58(7):1462-70.
• Hirko KA, Chai B, Spiegelman D, Campos H, Farvid MS, Hankinson SE, et al. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis in the nurses' health study II. International journal of cancer. 2018;142(6):1116-29.
• Li H, Zhang Q, Song J, Wang A, Zou Y, Ding L, et al. Plasma trans-fatty acids levels and mortality: a cohort study based on 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lipids in health and disease. 2017;16(1):176.
• Laake I, Carlsen MH, Pedersen JI, Weiderpass E, Selmer R, Kirkhus B, et al. Intake of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable and fish oils and ruminant fat in relation to cancer risk. International journal of cancer. 2013;132(6):1389-403.
• Michels N, Specht IO, Heitmann BL, Chajes V, Huybrechts I. Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews. 2021;79(7):758-76.
• Vinikoor LC, Millikan RC, Satia JA, Schroeder JC, Martin CF, Ibrahim JG, et al. trans-Fatty acid consumption and its association with distal colorectal cancer in the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study II. Cancer causes & control : CCC. 2010;21(1):171-80.
• Vinikoor LC, Satia JA, Schroeder JC, Millikan RC, Martin CF, Ibrahim JG, et al. Associations between trans fatty acid consumption and colon cancer among Whites and African Americans in the North Carolina colon cancer study I. Nutrition and cancer. 2009;61(4):427-36.
• Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand? Mol Metab. 2020;33:102-21.
• Erickson N, Boscheri A, Linke B, Huebner J. Systematic review: isocaloric ketogenic dietary regimes for cancer patients. Medical oncology. 2017;34(5):72.
• Schmidt M, Pfetzer N, Schwab M, Strauss I, Kammerer U. Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: A pilot trial. Nutrition & metabolism. 2011;8(1):54.
• Tan-Shalaby JL, Carrick J, Edinger K, Genovese D, Liman AD, Passero VA, et al. Modified Atkins diet in advanced malignancies - final results of a safety and feasibility trial within the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System. Nutrition & metabolism. 2016;13:52.
• Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A, et al. Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Science translational medicine. 2012;4(124):124ra27.