Review Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 59 - 65, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46310/tjim.768962

Abstract

References

  • 1- Worldwide toll of diabetes- Individual, social and economic impact, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) atlas, 9th edition [Internet]. Available at https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/. Accessed July 10, 2020.
  • 2- Kaparianos A, Argyropoulou E, Sampsonas F, Karkoulias K, Tsiamita M, Spiropoulos K. Pulmonary complications in diabetes mellitus. Chron Respir Dis. 2008;5(2):101-8. doi: 10.1177/1479972307086313.
  • 3- Hu Y, Ma Z, Guo Z, Zhao F, Wang Y, Cai L, Yang J. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014 Nov;70(2):1385-91. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0068-4.
  • 4- Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Lauro D, Page C, Matera MG. Targeting Mechanisms Linking COPD to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Oct;38(10):940-951. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.07.003.
  • 5- Pitocco D, Fuso L, Conte EG, Zaccardi F, Condoluci C, Scavone G, Incalzi RA, Ghirlanda G. The diabetic lung-a new target organ? Rev Diabet Stud. 2012 Spring;9(1):23-35. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2012.9.23.
  • 6- Dennis RJ, Maldonado D, Rojas MX, Aschner P, Rondón M, Charry L, Casas A. Inadequate glucose control in type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired lung function and systemic inflammation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2010 Jul 26;10:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-10-38.
  • 7- Röhling M, Pesta D, Markgraf DF, Strassburger K, Knebel B, Burkart V, Szendroedi J, Müssig K, Roden M; GDS study group. Metabolic Determinants of Impaired Pulmonary Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018 Sep;126(9):584-589. doi: 10.1055/a-0653-7135.
  • 8- Singh S, Prakash YS, Linneberg A, Agrawal A. Insulin and the lung: connecting asthma and metabolic syndrome. J Allergy (Cairo). 2013;2013:627384. doi: 10.1155/2013/627384.
  • 9- Kim HK, Lee CH, Kim JM, Ayush O, Im SY, Lee HK. Biphasic late airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;160(2):173-83. doi: 10.1159/000341645.
  • 10- Zuyderduyn S, Sukkar MB, Fust A, Dhaliwal S, Burgess JK. Treating asthma means treating airway smooth muscle cells. Eur Respir J. 2008 Aug;32(2):265-74. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00051407.
  • 11- O'Donnell CP, Tankersley CG, Polotsky VP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Leptin, obesity, and respiratory function. Respir Physiol. 2000 Feb;119(2-3):163-70. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00111-5.
  • 12- Sin DD, Man SF. Impaired lung function and serum leptin in men and women with normal body weight: a population based study. Thorax. 2003 Aug;58(8):695-8. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.8.695.
  • 13- Cavan DA, Parkes A, O'Donnell MJ, Freeman W, Cayton RM. Lung Function and Diabetes. Respir Med. 1991 May;85(3):257-8. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(06)80092-2.
  • 14- Baker EH, Baines DL. Airway Glucose Homeostasis: A New Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Infection. Chest. 2018 Feb;153(2):507-514. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.031.
  • 15- Sardu C, Gambardella J, Morelli MB, Wang X, Marfella R, Santulli G. Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence. J Clin Med. 2020 May 11;9(5):E1417. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051417.
  • 16- Hussain A, Bhowmik B, do Vale Moreira NC. COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Apr;162:108142. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142.
  • 17- Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: An unholy interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 May 6;14(4):513-517. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.049.
  • 18- Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, Qin R, Wang H, Shen Y, Du K, Zhao L, Fan H, Luo S, Hu D. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar 31:e3319. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3319.
  • 19- Weynand B, Jonckheere A, Frans A, Rahier J. Diabetes Mellitus Induces a Thickening of the Pulmonary Basal Lamina. Respiration. 1999;66(1):14-9. doi: 10.1159/000029331.
  • 20- Goldman MD. Lung dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jun;26(6):1915-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1915.
  • 21- Ozsahin K, Tugrul A, Mert S, Yüksel M, Tugrul G. Evaluation of pulmonary alveolo-capillary permeability in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: using technetium 99mTc-DTPA aerosol scintigraphy and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(4):205-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.003.
  • 22- Marvisi M, Bartolini L, del Borrello P, Brianti M, Marani G, Guariglia A, Cuomo A. Pulmonary function in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Respiration. 2001;68(3):268-72. doi: 10.1159/000050509.
  • 23- Pitocco D, Santangeli P, Fuso L, Zaccardi F, Longobardi A, Infusino F, Incalzi RA, Lanza GA, Crea F, Ghirlanda G. Association between reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008 Nov;25(11):1366-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02571.x.
  • 24- Fuso L, Cotroneo P, Basso S, De Rosa M, Manto A, Ghirlanda G, Pistelli R: Postural variations of pulmonary diffusing capacity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Chest. 1996 Oct;110(4):1009-13. doi: 10.1378/chest.110.4.1009.
  • 25- Farina J, Furio V, Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Muzas MA. Nodular fibrosis of the lung in diabetes mellitus. Virchows Arch. 1995;427(1):61-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00203738.
  • 26- Gribbin J, Hubbard R, Smith C. Role of diabetes melli tus and gastro-oesophageal reflux in the aetiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med. 2009 Jun;103(6):927-31. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.11.001.
  • 27- Schnack C, Festa A, Schwarzmaier-D’Assie A, Haber P, Schernthaner G. Pulmonary dysfunction in type 1 diabetes in relation to metabolic long-term control and to incipient diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 1996;74(2):395-400. doi: 10.1159/000189342.
  • 28- Mori H, Okubo M, Okamura M, Yamane K, Kado S, Egusa G, Hiramoto T, Hara H, Yamakido M. Abnormalities of pulmonary function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Intern Med. 1992 Feb;31(2):189-93. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.31.189.
  • 29- Ozmen B, Celik P, Yorgancioglu A, Ozmen B, Ozmen D, Cok G. Pulmonary function parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Sep;57(3):209-11. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00057-8.
  • 30- Benbassat CA, Stern E, Kramer M, Lebzelter J, Blum I, Fink G. Pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Sci. 2001 Sep;322(3):127-32. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200109000-00003.
  • 31- Nishimura M, Miyamoto K, Suzuki A, Yamamoto H, Tsuji M, Kishi F, Kawakami Y. Ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thorax. 1989 Apr;44(4):251-7. doi: 10.1136/thx.44.4.251.
  • 32- Soler NG, Eagleton LE. Autonomic neuropathy and the ventilatory responses of diabetics to progressive hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Diabetes. 1982 Jul;31(7):609-14. doi: 10.2337/diab.31.7.609.
  • 33- Wanke T, Abrahamian H, Lahrmann H, Formanek D, Merkle M, Auinger M, Zwick H, Irsigler K. No effect of naloxone on ventilatory response to progressive hypercapnia in IDDM patients. Diabetes. 1993 Feb;42(2):282-7. doi: 10.2337/diab.42.2.282.
  • 34- Tantucci C, Bottini P, Fiorani C, Dottorini ML, Santeusanio F, Provinciali L, Sorbini CA, Casucci G. Cerebrovascular reactivity and hypercapnic respiratory drive in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Mar;90(3):889-96. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.889.
  • 35- Scano G, Seghieri G, Mancini M, Filippelli M, Duranti R, Fabbri A, Innocenti F, Iandelli I, Misuri G. Dyspnoea, peripheral airway involvement and respiratory muscle effort in patients with type I diabetes mellitus under good metabolic control. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999 May;96(5):499-506.
  • 36- Fuso L, Pitocco D, Longobardi A, Zaccardi F, Contu C, Pozzuto C, Basso S, Varone F, Ghirlanda G, Antonelli Incalzi R. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 May;28(4):370-5. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2284.
  • 37- Kopf S, Groener JB, Kender Z, Fleming T, Brune M, Riedinger C, Volk N, Herpel E, Pesta D, Szendrödi J, Wielpütz MO, Kauczor HU, Katus HA, Kreuter M, Nawroth PP. Breathlessness and Restrictive Lung Disease: An Important Diabetes-Related Feature in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Respiration. 2018;96(1):29-40. doi: 10.1159/000488909.
  • 38- Kikuo Isoda 1, James L Young, Andreas Zirlik, Lindsey A MacFarlane, Naotake Tsuboi, Norbert Gerdes, Uwe Schönbeck, Peter Libby. Metformin Inhibits Proinflammatory Responses and Nuclear factor-kappaB in Human Vascular Wall Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Mar;26(3):611-7. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75.
  • 39- Haffner S, Temprosa M, Crandall J, Fowler S, Goldberg R, Horton E, Marcovina S, Mather K, Orchard T, Ratner R, Barrett-Connor E; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2005 May;54(5):1566-72. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1566.
  • 40- Donath MY. Targeting Inflammation in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Time to Start. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014 Jun;13(6):465-76. doi: 10.1038/nrd4275.
  • 41- Birrell MA, Patel HJ, McCluskie K, Wong S, Leonard T, Yacoub MH, Belvisi MG. PPAR-gamma Agonists as Therapy for Diseases Involving Airway Neutrophilia Eur Respir J. 2004 Jul;24(1):18-23. doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00098303.
  • 42- Ceriello A. Thiazolidinediones as Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Atherogenic Agents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. Jan-Feb 2008;24(1):14-26. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.790.
  • 43- Nguyen DV, Linderholm A, Haczku A, Kenyon N. Glucagon-like Peptide 1: A Potential Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Obesity-Related Asthma. Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Dec;180:139-143. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.012.
  • 44- Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Capuani B, Facciolo F, Cazzola M, Lauro D, Matera MG. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor: A Novel Pharmacological Target for Treating Human Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016 Dec;55(6):804-814. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0311OC.
  • 45- Camus P. Inhaled Insulin in Clinical Practice A Focus on Pulmonary Safety. US Endocrinology, 2007;(1):44-6, DOI: 10.17925/USE.2007.00.1.44.
  • 46- Schaafsma D, Gosens R, Ris JM, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, Nelemans SA. Insulin Induces Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;150(2):136-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706985.

Diabetes mellitus and the lungs

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 59 - 65, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46310/tjim.768962

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia causing damage to the vascular system. The lungs with a large vascular network are also predisposed to diabetes’ vascular damage. Diabetes may lead to pulmonary parenchymal damage besides alterations in the vascular system and the alveolar-capillary membrane. Symptoms and damage caused by diabetes are usually underdiagnosed because of the large pulmonary reserves. Pulmonary involvement in diabetes is an area that draws attention in recent years. This attention increases especially with the new Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when the worse prognosis is detected in diabetics. In this review, possible mechanisms leading to pulmonary involvement and pulmonary function abnormalities in diabetes, the interaction between COVID-19 and diabetes concerning lungs, and the basic effects of antidiabetic drugs on the lungs are discussed in the view of the literature.

References

  • 1- Worldwide toll of diabetes- Individual, social and economic impact, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) atlas, 9th edition [Internet]. Available at https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/. Accessed July 10, 2020.
  • 2- Kaparianos A, Argyropoulou E, Sampsonas F, Karkoulias K, Tsiamita M, Spiropoulos K. Pulmonary complications in diabetes mellitus. Chron Respir Dis. 2008;5(2):101-8. doi: 10.1177/1479972307086313.
  • 3- Hu Y, Ma Z, Guo Z, Zhao F, Wang Y, Cai L, Yang J. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014 Nov;70(2):1385-91. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0068-4.
  • 4- Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Lauro D, Page C, Matera MG. Targeting Mechanisms Linking COPD to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Oct;38(10):940-951. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.07.003.
  • 5- Pitocco D, Fuso L, Conte EG, Zaccardi F, Condoluci C, Scavone G, Incalzi RA, Ghirlanda G. The diabetic lung-a new target organ? Rev Diabet Stud. 2012 Spring;9(1):23-35. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2012.9.23.
  • 6- Dennis RJ, Maldonado D, Rojas MX, Aschner P, Rondón M, Charry L, Casas A. Inadequate glucose control in type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired lung function and systemic inflammation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2010 Jul 26;10:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-10-38.
  • 7- Röhling M, Pesta D, Markgraf DF, Strassburger K, Knebel B, Burkart V, Szendroedi J, Müssig K, Roden M; GDS study group. Metabolic Determinants of Impaired Pulmonary Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018 Sep;126(9):584-589. doi: 10.1055/a-0653-7135.
  • 8- Singh S, Prakash YS, Linneberg A, Agrawal A. Insulin and the lung: connecting asthma and metabolic syndrome. J Allergy (Cairo). 2013;2013:627384. doi: 10.1155/2013/627384.
  • 9- Kim HK, Lee CH, Kim JM, Ayush O, Im SY, Lee HK. Biphasic late airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;160(2):173-83. doi: 10.1159/000341645.
  • 10- Zuyderduyn S, Sukkar MB, Fust A, Dhaliwal S, Burgess JK. Treating asthma means treating airway smooth muscle cells. Eur Respir J. 2008 Aug;32(2):265-74. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00051407.
  • 11- O'Donnell CP, Tankersley CG, Polotsky VP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Leptin, obesity, and respiratory function. Respir Physiol. 2000 Feb;119(2-3):163-70. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00111-5.
  • 12- Sin DD, Man SF. Impaired lung function and serum leptin in men and women with normal body weight: a population based study. Thorax. 2003 Aug;58(8):695-8. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.8.695.
  • 13- Cavan DA, Parkes A, O'Donnell MJ, Freeman W, Cayton RM. Lung Function and Diabetes. Respir Med. 1991 May;85(3):257-8. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(06)80092-2.
  • 14- Baker EH, Baines DL. Airway Glucose Homeostasis: A New Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Infection. Chest. 2018 Feb;153(2):507-514. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.031.
  • 15- Sardu C, Gambardella J, Morelli MB, Wang X, Marfella R, Santulli G. Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence. J Clin Med. 2020 May 11;9(5):E1417. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051417.
  • 16- Hussain A, Bhowmik B, do Vale Moreira NC. COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Apr;162:108142. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142.
  • 17- Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: An unholy interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 May 6;14(4):513-517. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.049.
  • 18- Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, Qin R, Wang H, Shen Y, Du K, Zhao L, Fan H, Luo S, Hu D. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar 31:e3319. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3319.
  • 19- Weynand B, Jonckheere A, Frans A, Rahier J. Diabetes Mellitus Induces a Thickening of the Pulmonary Basal Lamina. Respiration. 1999;66(1):14-9. doi: 10.1159/000029331.
  • 20- Goldman MD. Lung dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jun;26(6):1915-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1915.
  • 21- Ozsahin K, Tugrul A, Mert S, Yüksel M, Tugrul G. Evaluation of pulmonary alveolo-capillary permeability in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: using technetium 99mTc-DTPA aerosol scintigraphy and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(4):205-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.003.
  • 22- Marvisi M, Bartolini L, del Borrello P, Brianti M, Marani G, Guariglia A, Cuomo A. Pulmonary function in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Respiration. 2001;68(3):268-72. doi: 10.1159/000050509.
  • 23- Pitocco D, Santangeli P, Fuso L, Zaccardi F, Longobardi A, Infusino F, Incalzi RA, Lanza GA, Crea F, Ghirlanda G. Association between reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008 Nov;25(11):1366-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02571.x.
  • 24- Fuso L, Cotroneo P, Basso S, De Rosa M, Manto A, Ghirlanda G, Pistelli R: Postural variations of pulmonary diffusing capacity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Chest. 1996 Oct;110(4):1009-13. doi: 10.1378/chest.110.4.1009.
  • 25- Farina J, Furio V, Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Muzas MA. Nodular fibrosis of the lung in diabetes mellitus. Virchows Arch. 1995;427(1):61-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00203738.
  • 26- Gribbin J, Hubbard R, Smith C. Role of diabetes melli tus and gastro-oesophageal reflux in the aetiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med. 2009 Jun;103(6):927-31. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.11.001.
  • 27- Schnack C, Festa A, Schwarzmaier-D’Assie A, Haber P, Schernthaner G. Pulmonary dysfunction in type 1 diabetes in relation to metabolic long-term control and to incipient diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 1996;74(2):395-400. doi: 10.1159/000189342.
  • 28- Mori H, Okubo M, Okamura M, Yamane K, Kado S, Egusa G, Hiramoto T, Hara H, Yamakido M. Abnormalities of pulmonary function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Intern Med. 1992 Feb;31(2):189-93. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.31.189.
  • 29- Ozmen B, Celik P, Yorgancioglu A, Ozmen B, Ozmen D, Cok G. Pulmonary function parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Sep;57(3):209-11. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00057-8.
  • 30- Benbassat CA, Stern E, Kramer M, Lebzelter J, Blum I, Fink G. Pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Sci. 2001 Sep;322(3):127-32. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200109000-00003.
  • 31- Nishimura M, Miyamoto K, Suzuki A, Yamamoto H, Tsuji M, Kishi F, Kawakami Y. Ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thorax. 1989 Apr;44(4):251-7. doi: 10.1136/thx.44.4.251.
  • 32- Soler NG, Eagleton LE. Autonomic neuropathy and the ventilatory responses of diabetics to progressive hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Diabetes. 1982 Jul;31(7):609-14. doi: 10.2337/diab.31.7.609.
  • 33- Wanke T, Abrahamian H, Lahrmann H, Formanek D, Merkle M, Auinger M, Zwick H, Irsigler K. No effect of naloxone on ventilatory response to progressive hypercapnia in IDDM patients. Diabetes. 1993 Feb;42(2):282-7. doi: 10.2337/diab.42.2.282.
  • 34- Tantucci C, Bottini P, Fiorani C, Dottorini ML, Santeusanio F, Provinciali L, Sorbini CA, Casucci G. Cerebrovascular reactivity and hypercapnic respiratory drive in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Mar;90(3):889-96. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.889.
  • 35- Scano G, Seghieri G, Mancini M, Filippelli M, Duranti R, Fabbri A, Innocenti F, Iandelli I, Misuri G. Dyspnoea, peripheral airway involvement and respiratory muscle effort in patients with type I diabetes mellitus under good metabolic control. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999 May;96(5):499-506.
  • 36- Fuso L, Pitocco D, Longobardi A, Zaccardi F, Contu C, Pozzuto C, Basso S, Varone F, Ghirlanda G, Antonelli Incalzi R. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 May;28(4):370-5. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2284.
  • 37- Kopf S, Groener JB, Kender Z, Fleming T, Brune M, Riedinger C, Volk N, Herpel E, Pesta D, Szendrödi J, Wielpütz MO, Kauczor HU, Katus HA, Kreuter M, Nawroth PP. Breathlessness and Restrictive Lung Disease: An Important Diabetes-Related Feature in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Respiration. 2018;96(1):29-40. doi: 10.1159/000488909.
  • 38- Kikuo Isoda 1, James L Young, Andreas Zirlik, Lindsey A MacFarlane, Naotake Tsuboi, Norbert Gerdes, Uwe Schönbeck, Peter Libby. Metformin Inhibits Proinflammatory Responses and Nuclear factor-kappaB in Human Vascular Wall Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Mar;26(3):611-7. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75.
  • 39- Haffner S, Temprosa M, Crandall J, Fowler S, Goldberg R, Horton E, Marcovina S, Mather K, Orchard T, Ratner R, Barrett-Connor E; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2005 May;54(5):1566-72. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1566.
  • 40- Donath MY. Targeting Inflammation in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Time to Start. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014 Jun;13(6):465-76. doi: 10.1038/nrd4275.
  • 41- Birrell MA, Patel HJ, McCluskie K, Wong S, Leonard T, Yacoub MH, Belvisi MG. PPAR-gamma Agonists as Therapy for Diseases Involving Airway Neutrophilia Eur Respir J. 2004 Jul;24(1):18-23. doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00098303.
  • 42- Ceriello A. Thiazolidinediones as Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Atherogenic Agents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. Jan-Feb 2008;24(1):14-26. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.790.
  • 43- Nguyen DV, Linderholm A, Haczku A, Kenyon N. Glucagon-like Peptide 1: A Potential Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Obesity-Related Asthma. Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Dec;180:139-143. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.012.
  • 44- Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Capuani B, Facciolo F, Cazzola M, Lauro D, Matera MG. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor: A Novel Pharmacological Target for Treating Human Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016 Dec;55(6):804-814. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0311OC.
  • 45- Camus P. Inhaled Insulin in Clinical Practice A Focus on Pulmonary Safety. US Endocrinology, 2007;(1):44-6, DOI: 10.17925/USE.2007.00.1.44.
  • 46- Schaafsma D, Gosens R, Ris JM, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, Nelemans SA. Insulin Induces Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;150(2):136-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706985.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Canan Ersoy 0000-0003-4510-6282

Publication Date July 29, 2020
Submission Date July 13, 2020
Acceptance Date July 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Ersoy C (July 1, 2020) Diabetes mellitus and the lungs. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine 2 3 59–65.

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