Relationship Between Prebiotics-Probiotics and Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The gut microbiota is a key organ in nutritional metabolism, and nutrition is an important factor that directly affects the gut microbiota. As a result of malnutrition, the balance of the bacterial population in the microbiota is disrupted and while the number of Bifidobacterium, one of the beneficial bacteria, decreases, the number of Firmicutes increases. This change in the balance leads to an increase in the intestinal permeability, a decrease in ghrelin hormone and an increase in endotoxin, with an increase in Glucagon-like Peptide-1, Glucagon-like Peptide-2, and Pancreatic Peptide YY in the blood. These hormonal changes and endotoxemia lead to an increase in lipogenesis, fat mass, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration in the target organs and a decrease in the insulin sensitivity, beta cell mass, and insulin, laying the groundwork for the formation of metabolic diseases. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and intestinal diseases may occur due to this disorder in the microbiota. Nutrition is the key for the regulation of the gut microbiota and in the recent studies it is stated that the gut flora can be restored due to the probiotic and prebiotic administration. Probiotics and prebiotics are effective in reducing exogenic diseases, inhibiting the inflammation, and improving the antioxidant defense, maintaining blood glucose regulation by improving the insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell functions, and in balancing the blood lipid profile and ensuring weight control in diabetic patients.

Keywords

• Diabetes Mellitus,microbiota,prebiotic,probiotic

Prebiyotikler ve Probiyotiklerin Diyabet ile İlişkisi

Öz

Barsak mikrobiyotası beslenme metabolizmasında kilit organdır ve beslenme de barsak mikrobiyotasını doğrudan etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Yanlış beslenme sonucunda mikrobiyotadaki bakteri popülasyonunun dengesi bozulmakta; yararlı bakterilerden Bifidobacterium’un sayısı azalırken, Firmicutes sayısı artmaktadır. Bu dengenin değişmesi de barsak geçirgenliğinde artışa, kanda Glukagon Benzeri Peptid-1, Glukagon Benzeri Peptid-2 ve pankreatik Peptid YY’nin artışı ile ghrelin hormonunun azalmasına ve endotoksin artışına neden olmaktadır. Bu hormonal değişiklikler ve endotoksemi ise hedef organlarda lipogenez, yağ kütlesi, inflamasyon ve makrofaj inflitrasyonunda artış; insülin duyarlılığı, beta hücre kütlesi ve insülinde ise azalmaya neden olarak metabolik hastalıkların oluşumuna zemin hazırlamaktadır. Mikrobiyotada meydana gelen bu bozukluk da karşımıza obezite, metabolik sendrom, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus ve barsak hastalıkları gibi kronik hastalıkları çıkarmaktadır. Barsak mikrobiyotasının düzenlenmesi için esas olan beslenmedir ve son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla probiyotik ve prebiyotik müdahaleleri ile barsak florasının eski haline getirilebileceği belirtilmektedir. Probiyotikler ve prebiyotikler dış kaynaklı hastalıkları azaltmada, inflamasyonu inhibe etmede ve diyabetik hastalarda antioksidan savunmayı düzeltmede, insülin duyarlılığını ve pankreas β-hücre fonksiyonlarını iyileştirerek kan şekeri regülasyonunu sağlamada, kan lipid profilini dengelemede ve kilo kontrolünü sağlamada etkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diabetes Mellitus,prebiyotik,probiyotik,mikrobiyota,probiyotik

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