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When To Terminate Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?: A Survey Study

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 16 - 27, 29.05.2023

Abstract

Objective
The decision-making of terminating the resuscitation effort is mostly dependent on the patient’s clinical situation, but also, it depends on the physician in charge and other resuscitation team members. The healthcare professionals should be aware of the end-of-life principles before leading and/or involving a resuscitation team. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of the healthcare providers on the factors affecting termination of resuscitation and related terms such as “do not attempt resuscitation”, the presence of relatives of the patient and organ donation.

Method
The ethics committee approval was obtained from Mersin University Committee of Clinical Trials in December 2020, numbered 04-151. The survey was conducted between January-March 2021 to the healthcare workers (Faculty members, specialist doctors, practitioners, residents, anesthesia technicians, nurses, paramedics). The survey was delivered to the participants via internet and social platforms. The questionnaire form consisting of 42 questions in total was prepared by the responsible researchers.

Results
The survey was delivered to approximately one thousand healthcare professionals. A total of 652 participants responded the survey. The distribution of gender was as 52.9% (n:345) female and 47.1% (n:307) male. When asked “Who makes the decision to terminate during resuscitation?”, 93.2% (n:601) of the participants responded as “Doctor”, 6.5% (n:42) said “Nurse” and 0.3% (n:2) said “Paramedic”.

Conclusion
There is an obvious confusion and lack of knowledge about decision making in end-of-life situations. This may be due to the cultural diversities or religious factors. Particularly, the trainings organized for the health professionals working in life support teams, should be enhanced and the topics as ethical aspects and end-of-life decisions should be impressed more.

References

  • Bossaert LL, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H, Raffay VI, Greif R, Haywood KL, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 11. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 2015;95:302–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.033.
  • Al-Dury N, Rawshani A, Israelsson J, Strömsöe A, Aune S, Agerström J, et al. Characteristics and outcome among 14,933 adult cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide study with the emphasis on gender and age. Am J Emerg Med 2017;35:1839–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.012.
  • Morrison LJ, Bigham BL, Kiss A, Verbeek PR. Termination of resuscitation: A guide to interpreting the literature. Resuscitation 2008;79:387–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.009.
  • Ebell MH, Afonso AM, Geocadin RG. Prediction of survival to discharge following cardiopulmonary resuscitation using classification and regression trees*. Crit Care Med 2013;41:2688–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a708c.
  • Mentzelopoulos SD, Couper K, Voorde PV, Druwé P, Blom M, Perkins GD, Lulic I, Djakow J, Raffay V, Lilja G, Bossaert L. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Ethics of resuscitation and end of life decisions. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:408-432. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.017. Epub 2021 Mar 24. PMID: 33773832.
  • Mikkelsen S, Lossius HM, Binderup LG, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell C, Toft P, Lassen AT. Termination of pre-hospital resuscitation by anaesthesiologists – causes and consequences. A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2017;61:250–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12838.
  • Hansen C, Lauridsen KG, Schmidt AS, Løfgren B. Decision-making in cardiac arrest: Physicians’ and nurses’ knowledge and views on terminating resuscitation. Open Access Emerg Med 2019;11:1–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S183248.
  • Fallat ME. Withholding or termination of resuscitation in pediatric out-of-hospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2014;63:504–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.013.
  • Mao, D. R. H., Ong, M. E. H., Bang, C., Salim, M. D. T., Ng, Y. Y., & Lie, D. A. (2018). Psychological Comfort of Paramedics with Field Death Pronouncement: A National Asian Study to Prepare Paramedics for Field Termination of Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care, 22(2), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1376132
  • Dhital, K. K., Iyer, A., Connellan, M., Chew, H. C., Gao, L., Doyle, A., Hicks, M., Kumarasinghe, G., Soto, C., Dinale, A., Cartwright, B., Nair, P., Granger, E., Jansz, P., Jabbour, A., Kotlyar, E., Keogh, A., Hayward, C., Graham, R., … Macdonald, P. (2015). Adult heart transplantation with distant procurement and ex-vivo preservation of donor hearts after circulatory death: A case series. The Lancet, 385(9987), 2585–2591.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60038-1
  • Kolte, D., Khera, S., Aronow, W. S., Palaniswamy, C., Mujib, M., Ahn, C., Iwai, S., Jain, D., Sule, S., Ahmed, A., Cooper, H. A., Frishman, W. H., Bhatt, D. L., Panza, J. A., & Fonarow, G. C. (2015). Regional variation in the incidence and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Circulation, 131(16), 1415–1425. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014542
  • Fritz, Z., Slowther, A. M., & Perkins, G. D. (2017). Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. The BMJ, 356(February), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j813
  • Ranola, P., Merchant, R. M., Perman, S. M., Khan, A. M., Caplan, A. L., Kirkpatrick, J. N., York, N., Langone, U., & Division, M. (2015). should ?— Ethics of calling codes. 41(8), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2013-101949.

Kardiyopulmoner Resüsitasyon Ne Zaman Sonlandırılmalı ?: Anket Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 16 - 27, 29.05.2023

Abstract

Giriş
Resüsitasyon girişimini sonlandırma kararı çoğunlukla hastanın klinik durumuna bağlı olmakla birlikte sorumlu hekime ve resüsitasyon ekibinin diğer üyelerine de bağlıdır. Sağlık profesyonelleri, bir resüsitasyon ekibine liderlik etmeden ve/veya dahil edilmeden önce yaşam sonu ilkelerinin farkında olmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlık çalışanlarının resüsitasyonun sonlandırılmasında etkili olan faktörler ve buna bağlı “resüsite etmeyin” kararı, hasta yakınlarının varlığı ve organ bağışı konusundaki bilgi ve farkındalıklarının değerlendirilmesidir.

Yöntem
Mersin Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Komitesi’nden Aralık 2020 tarih ve 04-151 numaralı etik kurul onayı alındı. Anket Ocak-Mart 2021 tarihleri arasında sağlık çalışanlarına (Öğretim üyeleri, uzman doktorlar, pratisyen hekimler, asistanlar, anestezi teknikerleri, hemşireler, paramedikler) uygulanmıştır. Anket internet ve sosyal platformlar aracılığıyla katılımcılara ulaştırılmıştır. Toplam 42 sorudan oluşan anket formu sorumlu araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmıştır.

Bulgular
Anket yaklaşık bin sağlık çalışanına ulaştırıldı. Toplamda 652 katılımcı anketi yanıtladı. Cinsiyet dağılımı % 52,9 (n:345) kadın ve % 47,1 (n:307) erkek olarak saptandı. “Resüsitasyon sırasında sonlandırma kararını kim veriyor? sorusuna katılımcıların %93,2’si (n:601) “Doktor”, %6,5’i (n:42) “Hemşire” ve %0,3’ü (n:2) “Sağlık Görevlisi” cevabını verdi.

Sonuç
Yaşam sonu durumlarında karar verme konusunda bariz bir kafa karışıklığı ve bilgi eksikliği vardır. Bunun nedeni kültürel farklılıklar veya dini faktörler olabilir. Özellikle yaşam destek ekiplerinde görev yapan sağlık profesyonellerine yönelik düzenlenen eğitimler artırılmalı, etik yönler ve yaşam sonu kararları gibi konular daha çok vurgulanmalıdır.

References

  • Bossaert LL, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H, Raffay VI, Greif R, Haywood KL, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 11. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 2015;95:302–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.033.
  • Al-Dury N, Rawshani A, Israelsson J, Strömsöe A, Aune S, Agerström J, et al. Characteristics and outcome among 14,933 adult cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide study with the emphasis on gender and age. Am J Emerg Med 2017;35:1839–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.012.
  • Morrison LJ, Bigham BL, Kiss A, Verbeek PR. Termination of resuscitation: A guide to interpreting the literature. Resuscitation 2008;79:387–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.009.
  • Ebell MH, Afonso AM, Geocadin RG. Prediction of survival to discharge following cardiopulmonary resuscitation using classification and regression trees*. Crit Care Med 2013;41:2688–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a708c.
  • Mentzelopoulos SD, Couper K, Voorde PV, Druwé P, Blom M, Perkins GD, Lulic I, Djakow J, Raffay V, Lilja G, Bossaert L. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Ethics of resuscitation and end of life decisions. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:408-432. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.017. Epub 2021 Mar 24. PMID: 33773832.
  • Mikkelsen S, Lossius HM, Binderup LG, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell C, Toft P, Lassen AT. Termination of pre-hospital resuscitation by anaesthesiologists – causes and consequences. A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2017;61:250–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12838.
  • Hansen C, Lauridsen KG, Schmidt AS, Løfgren B. Decision-making in cardiac arrest: Physicians’ and nurses’ knowledge and views on terminating resuscitation. Open Access Emerg Med 2019;11:1–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S183248.
  • Fallat ME. Withholding or termination of resuscitation in pediatric out-of-hospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2014;63:504–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.013.
  • Mao, D. R. H., Ong, M. E. H., Bang, C., Salim, M. D. T., Ng, Y. Y., & Lie, D. A. (2018). Psychological Comfort of Paramedics with Field Death Pronouncement: A National Asian Study to Prepare Paramedics for Field Termination of Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care, 22(2), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1376132
  • Dhital, K. K., Iyer, A., Connellan, M., Chew, H. C., Gao, L., Doyle, A., Hicks, M., Kumarasinghe, G., Soto, C., Dinale, A., Cartwright, B., Nair, P., Granger, E., Jansz, P., Jabbour, A., Kotlyar, E., Keogh, A., Hayward, C., Graham, R., … Macdonald, P. (2015). Adult heart transplantation with distant procurement and ex-vivo preservation of donor hearts after circulatory death: A case series. The Lancet, 385(9987), 2585–2591.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60038-1
  • Kolte, D., Khera, S., Aronow, W. S., Palaniswamy, C., Mujib, M., Ahn, C., Iwai, S., Jain, D., Sule, S., Ahmed, A., Cooper, H. A., Frishman, W. H., Bhatt, D. L., Panza, J. A., & Fonarow, G. C. (2015). Regional variation in the incidence and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Circulation, 131(16), 1415–1425. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014542
  • Fritz, Z., Slowther, A. M., & Perkins, G. D. (2017). Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. The BMJ, 356(February), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j813
  • Ranola, P., Merchant, R. M., Perman, S. M., Khan, A. M., Caplan, A. L., Kirkpatrick, J. N., York, N., Langone, U., & Division, M. (2015). should ?— Ethics of calling codes. 41(8), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2013-101949.
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anaesthesiology
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Aslınur Sagün 0000-0002-7884-5842

Nurcan Doruk 0000-0003-0141-1111

Levent Özdemir 0000-0002-7780-3202

Mustafa Azizoğlu 0000-0002-8266-5203

Handan Birbiçer 0000-0003-3510-9279

Publication Date May 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Sagün A, Doruk N, Özdemir L, Azizoğlu M, Birbiçer H. When To Terminate Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?: A Survey Study. TJR. May 2023;2(1):16-27.