Türkiye, İran, Pakistan ve Afganistan’ın Afet Yönetim Sistemleri ile Afet Kaynaklı Kayıpların ve Etkilerin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

Alp-Himalaya deprem kuşağı üzerinde yer alan Türkiye, İran, Pakistan ve Afganistan, yüksek sismik risk taşıyan ülkeler arasında bulunmaktadır. Bu coğrafi konum, söz konusu ülkeleri deprem, sel ve kuraklık gibi çeşitli doğal afetlere karşı oldukça hassas hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye, İran, Pakistan ve Afganistan’ın afet yönetim sistemlerini karşılaştırmalı bir perspektifle incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi kullanılmış olup, dört ülkenin afet yönetim yapıları, karşılaştıkları afet türleri ve afetlerin toplumsal ve ekonomik etkileri literatür üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, dört ülkede de deprem, sel ve kuraklık gibi afetlerin görülme riski yüksektir. İran ve Türkiye’de depremler en yıkıcı afet türü olarak öne çıkarken, Pakistan’da seller, Afganistan’da ise hem depremler hem de kuraklık daha belirgin afet türleridir. Afet yönetim sistemleri açısından Türkiye’nin kurumsallaşma ve mevzuat bakımından daha gelişmiş olduğu, İran’ın merkeziyetçi ancak gelişmekte olan bir sistem izlediği, Pakistan’ın büyük afetler sonrası kapasitesini artırdığı, Afganistan’ın ise siyasi istikrarsızlık ve ekonomik yetersizlikler nedeniyle daha kırılgan olduğu belirlenmiştir. Afetler yalnızca fiziksel kayıplara değil, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel boyutlarda da önemli etkilere sahiptir. Yoksulluk, düşük eğitim düzeyi, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve yetersiz sigorta sistemleri afetlere karşı kırılganlığı artıran temel faktörlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alp-Himalaya Kuşağı
• afet yönetimi
• afetin etkileri
• afet riski

A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Management Systems and Disaster-Related Losses and Impacts in Türkiye, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Öz

This article examines the disaster management systems of Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt with high seismic risk, from a comparative perspective. The study analyzes the types of disasters experienced in these countries and their socio-economic impacts. A comparative analysis approach and literature review were used to examine disaster management systems. All four countries are exposed to earthquakes, floods, and droughts. Earthquakes are the most destructive disaster in Turkey and Iran, floods are more prominent in Pakistan, and both earthquakes and droughts are significant in Afghanistan. In terms of disaster management systems, Turkey has a more developed institutional and legal structure, Iran follows a centralized but developing system, Pakistan has improved through post-disaster reforms, and Afghanistan remains highly vulnerable due to political instability and economic constraints. Disasters affect not only physical conditions but also economic, social, and cultural dimensions. Poverty, education level, gender inequality, and weak insurance systems increase vulnerability. Therefore, integrated disaster management approaches, risk-reduction policies, and widespread disaster education programs are essential for reducing disaster risks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alpine-Himalayan Belt
• disaster management
• disaster ımpacts
• disaster risk

Kaynakça

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