İçişlerine Karışmama İlkesi Bağlamında Çin’in Afrika’daki Askeri ve Güvenlik Politikaları (1955-2021)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 71 - 87, 08.05.2022

Seval Çolak

Öz

Bu makalede, Çin’in 1955’ten itibaren Afrika’da uyguladığı askeri ve güvenlik politikalarının içişlerine karışmama ilkesi bağlamında nasıl bir dönüşüm geçirdiği incelenmektedir. 2013’te Xi Jinping’in Çin Devlet Başkanı olmasıyla birlikte, bu ilkenin tamamen terk edildiği yeni bir savunma ve güvenlik anlayışı benimsenmiştir. Elinizdeki çalışmada, 1955’ten günümüze kadarki süreçte, Çin’in Afrika’da benimsediği askeri ve güvenlik politikalarında içişlerine müdahale etmeme ilkesinin uygulanmasında radikal bir kopuş veya dönüşüm gerçekleşmediği öne sürülmektedir. İçişlerine müdahale etmeme ilkesi, Çin dış politikasındaki en önemli diplomatik araçlardan biri olarak kullanılmasına rağmen, uygulamada hiçbir zaman öncelik taşımamıştır. Dolayısıyla, Çin’in Afrika’daki savunma ve güvenlik anlayışı idealist bir biçimde tanımlanmasına karşın, tamamen pragmatik bir biçimde belirlenmektedir. Bu makale, Çin’in askeri politikalarındaki pragmatik yaklaşımı göstermek üzere, 1955’ten bugüne kadar, bu ilkenin hangi amaçlarla kullanıldığını ve uygulamaya yansıyan farklılıkları ele almaktadır. Son olarak da, Xi liderliğinde daha hırslı küresel siyasi hedeflerle ortaya konan Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Çin Rüyası vizyonu doğrultusunda Afrika’ya yönelik yeni savunma anlayışı incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, 2013’ten itibaren ikili askeri diplomasi ve Çin donanmasının Afrika kıyılarında artan varlığı, askeri üs kurulması, BM operasyonlarına yönelik değişen yaklaşım ve son olarak Afrika bölgesel örgütlerinin askeri kapasite oluşturmalarına destek verilmesi gibi politikalar ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, Afrika, askeri, müdahale

Kaynakça

• Abegunrin, O.&Manyeruke, C. (2019). China’s Power in Africa, A New Global Order. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Agbebi, M.&Virtanen, P. (2017). Dependency Theory – A Conceptual Lens to Understand China’s Presence in Africa?. Forum for Development Studies, 44(3), 429-451. 10.1080/08039410.2017.1281161
• Aidoo, R., & Hess, S. (2015). Non-Interference 2.0: China’s Evolving Foreign Policy towards a Changing Africa. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(1), 107– 139. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400105
• Barton, B. (2018). China’s security policy in Africa: A new or false dawn for the evolution of the application of China’s non-interference principle?. South
• African Journal of International Affairs, 25(3),413-434. 10.1080/10220461.2018.1526707
• Bayes, T. (2020). China’s Growing Security Role in Africa: Views from West Africa, Implications for Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
• Brosig, M. (2014). EU Peacekeeping in Africa: From Functional Niches to Interlocking Security. International Peacekeeping, 21(1), 74-90. 10.1080/13533312.2014.899124
• Campbell, H. (2008). China in Africa: Challenging US Global Hegemony. Third World Quarterly, 29(1), 89–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20455027
• Carmody, P. (2016). New Scramble for Africa. 2. Baskı, Polity Press.
• Cheng, Y. S. J. & Shi, H. (2009). China's African Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 39(1), 87-115. 10.1080/00472330802506840
• China’s Military Strategy(2019). Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253389.htm
• Deepak, B. R. (2018). China’s Global Rebalancing and the New Silk Road. Springer.
• Dellios, R.&Ferguson, R. J. (2013). China’s Quest for Global Order, From Peacful Rise to Harmonious World. Lexington Books.
• du Pisani, J. A., & Kim, K. S. (2007). One-Way Traffic or Highway to Mutual Benefit? Part 1: China and Africa in the Era of Mao Zedong. International Area Review, 10(2), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000201
• Economy, E. C. (2018). The Third Revolution, Xi Jinping, and the New Chinese State. Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Ekpebu, L. B. (1980). An African Perspective on US/USSR/China Arms Policies. Alternatives, 6(1), 93–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437548000600105
• Globaltimes (2020, 17 Kasım). China Ready to Help Bring Long-Term Peace to Sahel Egion: Envoy. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1207068.shtml adresinden 01.10.2021tarihinde erişildi.
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2015). The Limits to China's Noninterference Foreign Policy: Pro-State İnterventionism and the Rescaling of Economic Governance.
• Australian Journal of International Affairs, 69(29), 205-223. 10.1080/10357718.2014.978740
• Hirono, M., Jiang, Y., & Lanteigne, M. (2019). China’s New Roles and Behaviour in Conflict-Affected Regions: Reconsidering Non-Interference and Non-
• Intervention. The China Quarterly, 239(1), 573-593. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741018001741
• Ho, B. (2014). Understanding Chinese Exceptionalism: China’s Rise, Its Goodness, and Greatness. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 39(3), 164-176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24569474
• Hodzi, O. (2019). The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Jintao, Hu. (2007, 25 Ekim). Unswervingly Following the Path of Peaceful Development. Chinadaily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007- 10/25/content_6226673_11.htm
• Kim, Y.C. (2017). China and Africa, A New Paradigm of Global Business. Palgrave Macmillian.
• Korinko, G.N., & Chelang’a, J. (2014). China's Evolving Policy of Intervention in African Conflicts. International Affairs and Global Strategy, 19, 10-16.
• Krupakar, J. (2017). China’s Naval Base(s) in the Indian Ocean-Signs of a Maritime Grand Strategy?. Strategic Analysis, 41(3), 207-222. 10.1080/09700161.2017.1296622
• Large, D. (2008). China & the Contradictions of ‘Non-interference’ in Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 93-106. 10.1080/03056240802011568
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton.
• Mu, R. (2014). China’s Non-intervention Policy in UNSC Sanctions in the 21st Century: The Cases of Libya, North Korea, and Zimbabwe”. Ritsumeikan International Affairs, 12, 101–134.
• National Defense Ministry of China (2015), Full Text: China’s Military Strategy, Military White Paper. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2015- 05/26/content_4586805.htm
• National Defense Ministry of China (2019). Feature: Overview of 1st China-Africa Peace and Security Forum. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019- 07/17/content_4846012.htm
• Okolo, A. L. (2015). China's Foreign Policy Shift in Africa: From Non-Interference to Preponderance. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 10(2), 32-47.10.1080/18186874.2015.1107976
• Pang, Z. (2009). China's Non-Intervention Question. Global Responsibility to Protect, 1(2), 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1163/187598409X424315
• Peng, J. (2012, 30 Kasım). Xi Highlights National Goal Of Rejuvenation. Chinadaily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-11/30/content_15972687.htm
• Po, S.&Sims, K.(2022). The Myth of Non-interference: Chinese Foreign Policy in Cambodia. Asian Studies Review, 46(1), 36-54. 10.1080/10357823.2021.1887813
• Poh, A. & Li, M. (2017). A China in Transition: The Rhetoric and Substance of Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping. Asian Security, 13(2), 84-97. 10.1080/14799855.2017.1286163
• Prakash, S. (1991). China’s Ideological Perception of the Third World. China Report, 27(3), 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944559102700303
• Qobo, M. & le Pere, G. (2018). The Role of China in Africa’s Industrialization: The Challenge of Building Global Value Chains. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(110), 208-223.10.1080/10670564.2018.1389016
• Song, W. (2015). Securitization of the “China Threat” Discourse: A Poststructuralist Account. China Review, 15(1), 145–169. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24291932
• Sørensen, C. (2019). That Is Not Intervention; That Is Interference with Chinese Characteristics: New Concepts, Distinctions and Approaches Developing in the Chinese Debate and Foreign and Security Policy Practice. The China Quarterly, 239, 594-613. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001728
• Styan, D (2020). China’s Maritime Silk Road and Small States: Lessons from the Case of Djibouti. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(122), 191-206. 10.1080/10670564.2019.1637567
• Styan, D. (2012). EU power and armed humanitarianism in Africa: evaluating ESDP in Chad. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(49), 651-668. 10.1080/09557571.2012.678293
• Suzuki, S. (2012). China’s Evolving Approach to Peacekeeping. Routledge.
• Taylor, I. (2006). China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise. Routledge.
• Taylor, I., & Wu, Z. (2013). China's Arms Transfers to Africa and Political Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 25(3), 457-475. 1 10.1080/09546553.2012.664588
• Velthuizen, D (2021, 18 Nisan). Peace and security in Africa: how China can help address weaknesses. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/peace-and-security-in-africa-how-china-can-help-address-weaknesses-156219
• Verhoeven, H. (2014). Is Beijing's Non-Interference Policy History? How Africa is Changing China. The Washington Quarterly, Vol.37(2), 55-70. doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2014.926209
• Wang, J. & Zou, J. (2014). China Goes to Africa: a strategic move?. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1113-1132. 10.1080/10670564.2014.898902
• Wasıf Khan, S. W. (2018). Haunted by Chaos: China’s Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong To Xi Jinping, Harvard Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Wengraf, L (2018). Extracting Profit, Imperialism, Neoliberalism, and the New Scramble for Africa. Haymarket Books.
• Yu, G. T. (1964). Chinese Rivalry in Africa. Race, 5(4), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/030639686400500403
• Yu, G. T. (1977). China’s Role in Africa. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 432, 96-109. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1042892
• Yu, G. T. (1988). Africa in Chinese Foreign Policy. Asian Survey, 28(8), 849-862. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644590
• Zheng, C. (2016). China Debates the Non-Interference Principle. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(3), 349–374. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615956
• Zou, Y.& Jones, L. (2020). China’s Response to Threats to Its Overseas Economic Interests: Softening Non-Interference and Cultivating Hegemony. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(121), 92-108.10.1080/10670564.2019.1621532