Research Article
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Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 123 - 137 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110
https://izlik.org/JA75BL64YE

Abstract

By using N-ethylcarbazole and an aromatic primer amine, a schiff base ligand and its three metal complexes have been synthesized through imine condensation reaction. The structures of all the synthesized compounds have been proposed on the basis of various spectral analyses like nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectroscopy techniques. All the synthesized compounds have been searched for their catalytic activities on the oxidation reactions of cyclohexene and styrene. The results of these experiments revealed quite good activities of the complexes as catalysts. DNA binding studies were also carried out on all the synthesized compounds by using UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements and all the coordiation compounds revealed much better binding konstants than the ligand itself. Finally the thermal features of all the compounds were reported with this paper

References

  • Shibashis H, Aparajita M, Koushik G, Sudipto D, Mahasweta N, Partha R. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activities towards epoxidation of olefins of dinuclear copper(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2015; 1101: 1-7.
  • Shit S, Saha D, Saha D, Row TNG, Rizzoli C. Azide/thiocyanate incorporated cobalt(III)-Schiff base complexes: Characterizations and catalytic activity in aerobic epoxidation of olefins. Inorg Chim Acta 2014; 415: 103-110.
  • Hassana HMA, Saada EM, Soltana MS, Betiha MA, Butle IS, Mostafa SI. A palladium(II) 4-hydroxysalicylidene Schiff-base complex anchored on functionalized MCM-41: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the epoxidation of olefins. Appl Catal A 2014; 488: 148-159.
  • Heshmatpour F, Rayati S, Hajiabbas MA, Abdolalian P, Neumüller B. Copper(II) Schiff base complexes derived from 2,20 -dimethyl-propandiamine: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in the oxidation of styrene and cyclooctene. Polyhedron 2012; 31: 443-450.
  • Maiti M, Sadhukhan D, Thakurta S, Zangrando E, Pilet G, Signorella S, Bellú S, Mitra S. Catalytic efficacy of copper(II) and cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes in aklene epoxidation. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 2014; 87: 724-732.
  • Asgharpour Z, Farzaneh F, Abbasi A, Ghiasi M. Synthesis, crystal structure and DFT studies of a new dioxomolybdenum(VI) Schiff base complex as an olefin epoxidation catalyst. Polyhedron 2015; 101: 282-289.
  • Maleev VI, Chusov DA, Yashkina LV, Ikonnikov NS, II’in MM. Asymmetric ring opening of epoxides with cyanides catalysed by chiral binuclear titanium complexes. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 2014; 25: 838-843.
  • Wu LY, Fan DD, Lü XQ, Lu R. Ring-opening Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and Maleic Anhydride Catalyzed by Mononuclear [Zn(L)(H2O)] or Binuclear [Zn2(L)(OAc)2(H2O)] Complex Based on the Salen-type Schiff-base Ligand. Chin J Polym Sci 2014; 32(6): 768-777.
  • Vida T, Gholamhossein G, Giuseppe B. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure determination and catalytic activity in epoxidation reaction of two new oxidovanadium(IV) Schiff base complexes. J Mol Struct 2016; 1123: 367-374.
  • Wei X-L, Lu X-H, Ma X-T, Peng C, Jiang .-Z, Zhou D, Xia Q-H. Synthesis and catalytic activity of organic–inorganic hybrid catalysts coordinated with cobalt(II) ions for aerobic epoxidation of styrene. Catal Commun 2015; 61: 48-52.
  • Erdem O, Guzel B. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of chiral binaphthyl Schiff-base manganese complexes for the epoxidation of styrene. Inorg Chim Acta 2014; 418: 153-156.
  • Das A, Kureshy RI, Maity NCh, Subramanian PS, Khan NH, R.Abdi SH, Suresh E, Bajaj HC. Synthesis and characterization of new chiral Cu(II)-N4 complexes and their application in the asymmetric aza-Henry reaction, Dalton Trans 2014; 43: 12357-12364,
  • Amirnasr M, Bagheri M., Farrokhpour H, Schenk KJ, Mereiter K, Ford PC. New Zn(II) complexes with N2S2 Schiff base ligands. Experimental and theoretical studies of the role of Zn(II) in disulfide thiolate-exchange. Polyhedron 2014; 71: 1-7.
  • Çakmak R, Ay B, Çınar E, Başaran E, Akkoç S, Boğa M, Taş E, Synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal analysis and in vitro cytotoxicity, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of new Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ru(III) complexes of pyrazolone-based Schiff base ligand. J Mol Struct 2023; 1292: 136225.
  • Al Zoubi W, Al-Hamdani AAS, Ko YG. Schiff bases and their complexes: Recent progress in thermal analysis. Sep Sci Technol 2017; 52(6): 1052-1069.
  • de Toledo TA, da Costa RC, da Silva LE, Teixeria AMR, Lima VN, Sena Jr DM, Coutinho HDM, Freire PTC, Pizani PS. Thermal and biological properties of the Schiff base N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine, a potential adjuvant to antibiotic therapy. J Mol Struct 2016; 1115: 105-108.
  • Ozkinali S, Yavuz S, Tosun T, Kose DA, Gur M, Kocaokutgen H. Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis and Investigation of Dyeing Properties of o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2020; 40(5): 12624-12634.
  • Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Catalano A, Cirillo F, Lappano R, Maria Sinicropi S. A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies. Antibiotics 2022; 11(2): 191-204.
  • Salihović M, Pazalja M, Halilović SŠ, Veljović E, Dizdarević IM, Roca S, Novaković I, Trifunović S. Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and DFT study of some novel Schiff bases. J Mol Struct 2021; 1241: 130670.
  • Karthikeyan MS, Prasad DJ, Poojary B, Bhat KS, Holla BS, Kumari NS. Synthesis and biological activity of Schiff and Mannich bases bearing 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14(22): 7482-7489.
  • Gungor O, Gul A, Comertpay S, McKee V, Yalcinkaya OB, Kose M, Copper (II) and Zinc (II) complexes of new water-soluable Schiff base ligands and their antiproliferative properties towards mesothelioma cell line, J Photochem Photobiol A 2025; 459; 116049.
  • Kose A, Gungor O, Ballı JN, Erkan S. Synthesis, characterization, non-linear optical and DNA binding properties of Schiff base ligand and its Cu(II) and Zn (II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2022; 1268; 133750.
  • Bal M, Kose A. Schiff bases containing 1,2,3-triazole group and phenanthroline: Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of DNA binding properties. J Photochem Photobiol A 2024; 448: 115320.
  • Turgut E, Gungor O, Kirpik H, Kose A, Gungor SA, Kose M. Benzimidazole ligands with allyl, propargyl or allene groups, DNA binding properties, and molecular docking studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2021; 35: e6323.
  • Gungor O, Kocer F, Kose M. Cu(II) complexes of biguanidine ligands: Structural characterisation, DNA binding and antimicrobial properties. J Mol Struct 2020; 1204: 127533.
  • Finnie KS, Bartlett JR, Woolfrey JL. Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Coordination of (2,2‘-Bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) Complexes to the Surface of Nanocrystalline Titania. Langmuir 1998; 14(10): 2744-2749.
  • Deacon GB, Phillips RJ. Relationships between the carbon-oxygen stretching frequencies of carboxylato complexes and the type of carboxylate coordination. Coord Chem Rev 1980; 33(3): 227-250.
  • Tiwari MK, Singh AK, Sawhney KJS. Analysis of stainless steel samples by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Bull Mater Sci 2001; 24(6): 633-638.
  • Roy GB. Synthesis and study of physico-chemical properties of a new chiral Schiff base ligand and its metal complex. Inorg Chim Acta 2009; 362(6): 1709-1714.
  • El-Seidy AMA. In Situ Room Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Salicylaldehyde Phenylhydrazone Metal Complexes, Their Cytotoxic Activity on MCF-7 Cell Line, and Their Investigation as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem 2015; 45(3): 437-446.
  • Shennar KA, Butcher RJ, Greenaway FT. Co(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) complexes of maleic hydrazide. Inorg Chim Acta 2015; 425: 247-254.
  • El-Sayed AEM, Al-Fulaij OA, Elaasar AA, El-Defrawy MM, El-Asmy AA, Spectroscopic characterization and biological activity of dihydrazone transition metal complexes: Crystal structure of 2, 3-butanedione bis (isonicotinylhydrazone), Spectrochimica Acta Part A 2015; 135: 211-218.
  • Wolfe A, Shimer JrGH, Meehan T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons physically intercalate into duplex regions of denatured DNA. Biochemistry 1987; 26(20): 6392-6396.
  • Reinhardt CG, Krugh TR. A comparative study of ethidium bromide complexes with dinucleotides and DNA: direct evidence for intercalation and nucleic acid sequence preferences. Biochemistry 1978; 17(23): 4845-4854.
  • Hussain F, Saeed U, Muhammad G, Islam, N, Sheikh GS. Classifying cancer patients based on DNA sequences using machine learning, J Med Imaging Health Infor 2019; 9(3); 436-443.
  • Gungor O, Gul A, Comertpay S, McKee V, Yalcinkaya OB, Kose M. Copper (II) and Zinc (II) complexes of new water-soluble Schiff base ligands and their antiproliferative properties towards mesothelioma cell line. J Photochem Photobiol A 2025; 459: 116049.
  • Zafar F, Ishtiaq S, Majeed MI, Alwadie N, Javed MR, Nawaz H, Iqbal MA, Ashraf A, Farooq U, Hassan A, Zohaib M, Shoukat Z. Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding study of silver N-heterocyclic carbene complex [bis (1, 3-dipentyl-1, 3-dihydro-2-imidazole-2-ylidene) silver (I) hexafluorophosphate (V)] by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Anal Lett 2025; 58(6); 898-914.
  • Pyle AS, Fuller RP, Smith H. Examining Tension Management of Coastal Residents' Decisions to Stay or Leave During Hurricane Florence. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 2025; 33 (1); e70036.
  • Ali MS, Farah, MA, Al-Lohedan HA, Al-Anazi KM. Comprehensive exploration of the anticancer activities of procaine and its binding with calf thymus DNA: a multi spectroscopic and molecular modelling study. RSC adv 2018; 8(17): 9083-9093.
  • Bal S, Connolly JD. Synthesis, characterization, thermal and catalytic properties of a novel carbazole derived Azo ligand and its metal complexes. Arab J Chem 2017; 10: 761-768.
  • Grigoras M, Antonoaia N-C. Synthesis and characterization of some carbazole based imine polymers, Eur Polym J 2005; 41: 1079-1089.
  • Yoon KR, Ko S-O, Lee SM, Lee H. Synthesis and characterization of carbazole derived nonlinear optical dyes, Dyes Pigm 2007; 75: 567-573.

Karbazolden Türemiş Yeni Katalizörler; Karakterizasyon, Spektral, Katalitik Özellikler, Termal Davranışlarının İncelenmesi ve DNA Bağlanma Çalışmaları

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 123 - 137 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110
https://izlik.org/JA75BL64YE

Abstract

N-Ethylcarbazole ve bir aromatik primer amin kullanılarak imin kondenzasyon reaksiyonu üzerinden bir Schiff bazı ligantı ile üç metal kompleksi sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen tüm bileşikler Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans, Infrared, Mass Spektroskopi gibi birçok spektroskopik yöntem kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Karakterize edilen tüm bileşiklerin katalitik aktiviteleri stiren ve siklohekzen’in oksidasyon reaksiyonları üzerinde ölçülmüştür. Bu deneyler elde edilen komplekslerin katalitik aktivitelerinin oldukça iyi olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. UV-Vis spektroskopik tekniği kullanılarak tüm bileşiklerin DNA bağlanma özellikleri incelenmiş olup koordinasyon bileşiklerinin sentezlenen ligant’tan daha iyi bağlanma sabitleri verdiği görülmüştür özellikle de Nikel komplex DNA’ya en güçlü bağlanma eğilimi göstermiştir. Son olarak tüm bileşiklerin termal özellikleri bu çalışma ile rapor edilmiştir.

References

  • Shibashis H, Aparajita M, Koushik G, Sudipto D, Mahasweta N, Partha R. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activities towards epoxidation of olefins of dinuclear copper(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2015; 1101: 1-7.
  • Shit S, Saha D, Saha D, Row TNG, Rizzoli C. Azide/thiocyanate incorporated cobalt(III)-Schiff base complexes: Characterizations and catalytic activity in aerobic epoxidation of olefins. Inorg Chim Acta 2014; 415: 103-110.
  • Hassana HMA, Saada EM, Soltana MS, Betiha MA, Butle IS, Mostafa SI. A palladium(II) 4-hydroxysalicylidene Schiff-base complex anchored on functionalized MCM-41: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the epoxidation of olefins. Appl Catal A 2014; 488: 148-159.
  • Heshmatpour F, Rayati S, Hajiabbas MA, Abdolalian P, Neumüller B. Copper(II) Schiff base complexes derived from 2,20 -dimethyl-propandiamine: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in the oxidation of styrene and cyclooctene. Polyhedron 2012; 31: 443-450.
  • Maiti M, Sadhukhan D, Thakurta S, Zangrando E, Pilet G, Signorella S, Bellú S, Mitra S. Catalytic efficacy of copper(II) and cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes in aklene epoxidation. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 2014; 87: 724-732.
  • Asgharpour Z, Farzaneh F, Abbasi A, Ghiasi M. Synthesis, crystal structure and DFT studies of a new dioxomolybdenum(VI) Schiff base complex as an olefin epoxidation catalyst. Polyhedron 2015; 101: 282-289.
  • Maleev VI, Chusov DA, Yashkina LV, Ikonnikov NS, II’in MM. Asymmetric ring opening of epoxides with cyanides catalysed by chiral binuclear titanium complexes. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 2014; 25: 838-843.
  • Wu LY, Fan DD, Lü XQ, Lu R. Ring-opening Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and Maleic Anhydride Catalyzed by Mononuclear [Zn(L)(H2O)] or Binuclear [Zn2(L)(OAc)2(H2O)] Complex Based on the Salen-type Schiff-base Ligand. Chin J Polym Sci 2014; 32(6): 768-777.
  • Vida T, Gholamhossein G, Giuseppe B. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure determination and catalytic activity in epoxidation reaction of two new oxidovanadium(IV) Schiff base complexes. J Mol Struct 2016; 1123: 367-374.
  • Wei X-L, Lu X-H, Ma X-T, Peng C, Jiang .-Z, Zhou D, Xia Q-H. Synthesis and catalytic activity of organic–inorganic hybrid catalysts coordinated with cobalt(II) ions for aerobic epoxidation of styrene. Catal Commun 2015; 61: 48-52.
  • Erdem O, Guzel B. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of chiral binaphthyl Schiff-base manganese complexes for the epoxidation of styrene. Inorg Chim Acta 2014; 418: 153-156.
  • Das A, Kureshy RI, Maity NCh, Subramanian PS, Khan NH, R.Abdi SH, Suresh E, Bajaj HC. Synthesis and characterization of new chiral Cu(II)-N4 complexes and their application in the asymmetric aza-Henry reaction, Dalton Trans 2014; 43: 12357-12364,
  • Amirnasr M, Bagheri M., Farrokhpour H, Schenk KJ, Mereiter K, Ford PC. New Zn(II) complexes with N2S2 Schiff base ligands. Experimental and theoretical studies of the role of Zn(II) in disulfide thiolate-exchange. Polyhedron 2014; 71: 1-7.
  • Çakmak R, Ay B, Çınar E, Başaran E, Akkoç S, Boğa M, Taş E, Synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal analysis and in vitro cytotoxicity, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of new Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ru(III) complexes of pyrazolone-based Schiff base ligand. J Mol Struct 2023; 1292: 136225.
  • Al Zoubi W, Al-Hamdani AAS, Ko YG. Schiff bases and their complexes: Recent progress in thermal analysis. Sep Sci Technol 2017; 52(6): 1052-1069.
  • de Toledo TA, da Costa RC, da Silva LE, Teixeria AMR, Lima VN, Sena Jr DM, Coutinho HDM, Freire PTC, Pizani PS. Thermal and biological properties of the Schiff base N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine, a potential adjuvant to antibiotic therapy. J Mol Struct 2016; 1115: 105-108.
  • Ozkinali S, Yavuz S, Tosun T, Kose DA, Gur M, Kocaokutgen H. Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis and Investigation of Dyeing Properties of o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2020; 40(5): 12624-12634.
  • Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Catalano A, Cirillo F, Lappano R, Maria Sinicropi S. A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies. Antibiotics 2022; 11(2): 191-204.
  • Salihović M, Pazalja M, Halilović SŠ, Veljović E, Dizdarević IM, Roca S, Novaković I, Trifunović S. Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and DFT study of some novel Schiff bases. J Mol Struct 2021; 1241: 130670.
  • Karthikeyan MS, Prasad DJ, Poojary B, Bhat KS, Holla BS, Kumari NS. Synthesis and biological activity of Schiff and Mannich bases bearing 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14(22): 7482-7489.
  • Gungor O, Gul A, Comertpay S, McKee V, Yalcinkaya OB, Kose M, Copper (II) and Zinc (II) complexes of new water-soluable Schiff base ligands and their antiproliferative properties towards mesothelioma cell line, J Photochem Photobiol A 2025; 459; 116049.
  • Kose A, Gungor O, Ballı JN, Erkan S. Synthesis, characterization, non-linear optical and DNA binding properties of Schiff base ligand and its Cu(II) and Zn (II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2022; 1268; 133750.
  • Bal M, Kose A. Schiff bases containing 1,2,3-triazole group and phenanthroline: Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of DNA binding properties. J Photochem Photobiol A 2024; 448: 115320.
  • Turgut E, Gungor O, Kirpik H, Kose A, Gungor SA, Kose M. Benzimidazole ligands with allyl, propargyl or allene groups, DNA binding properties, and molecular docking studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2021; 35: e6323.
  • Gungor O, Kocer F, Kose M. Cu(II) complexes of biguanidine ligands: Structural characterisation, DNA binding and antimicrobial properties. J Mol Struct 2020; 1204: 127533.
  • Finnie KS, Bartlett JR, Woolfrey JL. Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Coordination of (2,2‘-Bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) Complexes to the Surface of Nanocrystalline Titania. Langmuir 1998; 14(10): 2744-2749.
  • Deacon GB, Phillips RJ. Relationships between the carbon-oxygen stretching frequencies of carboxylato complexes and the type of carboxylate coordination. Coord Chem Rev 1980; 33(3): 227-250.
  • Tiwari MK, Singh AK, Sawhney KJS. Analysis of stainless steel samples by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Bull Mater Sci 2001; 24(6): 633-638.
  • Roy GB. Synthesis and study of physico-chemical properties of a new chiral Schiff base ligand and its metal complex. Inorg Chim Acta 2009; 362(6): 1709-1714.
  • El-Seidy AMA. In Situ Room Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Salicylaldehyde Phenylhydrazone Metal Complexes, Their Cytotoxic Activity on MCF-7 Cell Line, and Their Investigation as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem 2015; 45(3): 437-446.
  • Shennar KA, Butcher RJ, Greenaway FT. Co(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) complexes of maleic hydrazide. Inorg Chim Acta 2015; 425: 247-254.
  • El-Sayed AEM, Al-Fulaij OA, Elaasar AA, El-Defrawy MM, El-Asmy AA, Spectroscopic characterization and biological activity of dihydrazone transition metal complexes: Crystal structure of 2, 3-butanedione bis (isonicotinylhydrazone), Spectrochimica Acta Part A 2015; 135: 211-218.
  • Wolfe A, Shimer JrGH, Meehan T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons physically intercalate into duplex regions of denatured DNA. Biochemistry 1987; 26(20): 6392-6396.
  • Reinhardt CG, Krugh TR. A comparative study of ethidium bromide complexes with dinucleotides and DNA: direct evidence for intercalation and nucleic acid sequence preferences. Biochemistry 1978; 17(23): 4845-4854.
  • Hussain F, Saeed U, Muhammad G, Islam, N, Sheikh GS. Classifying cancer patients based on DNA sequences using machine learning, J Med Imaging Health Infor 2019; 9(3); 436-443.
  • Gungor O, Gul A, Comertpay S, McKee V, Yalcinkaya OB, Kose M. Copper (II) and Zinc (II) complexes of new water-soluble Schiff base ligands and their antiproliferative properties towards mesothelioma cell line. J Photochem Photobiol A 2025; 459: 116049.
  • Zafar F, Ishtiaq S, Majeed MI, Alwadie N, Javed MR, Nawaz H, Iqbal MA, Ashraf A, Farooq U, Hassan A, Zohaib M, Shoukat Z. Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding study of silver N-heterocyclic carbene complex [bis (1, 3-dipentyl-1, 3-dihydro-2-imidazole-2-ylidene) silver (I) hexafluorophosphate (V)] by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Anal Lett 2025; 58(6); 898-914.
  • Pyle AS, Fuller RP, Smith H. Examining Tension Management of Coastal Residents' Decisions to Stay or Leave During Hurricane Florence. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 2025; 33 (1); e70036.
  • Ali MS, Farah, MA, Al-Lohedan HA, Al-Anazi KM. Comprehensive exploration of the anticancer activities of procaine and its binding with calf thymus DNA: a multi spectroscopic and molecular modelling study. RSC adv 2018; 8(17): 9083-9093.
  • Bal S, Connolly JD. Synthesis, characterization, thermal and catalytic properties of a novel carbazole derived Azo ligand and its metal complexes. Arab J Chem 2017; 10: 761-768.
  • Grigoras M, Antonoaia N-C. Synthesis and characterization of some carbazole based imine polymers, Eur Polym J 2005; 41: 1079-1089.
  • Yoon KR, Ko S-O, Lee SM, Lee H. Synthesis and characterization of carbazole derived nonlinear optical dyes, Dyes Pigm 2007; 75: 567-573.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Main Group Metal Chemistry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selma Bal 0000-0001-9547-8717

Submission Date July 11, 2025
Acceptance Date December 7, 2025
Publication Date March 30, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110
IZ https://izlik.org/JA75BL64YE
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bal, S. (2026). Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, 21(1), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110
AMA 1.Bal S. Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies. TJST. 2026;21(1):123-137. doi:10.55525/tjst.1737110
Chicago Bal, Selma. 2026. “Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 (1): 123-37. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110.
EndNote Bal S (March 1, 2026) Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 1 123–137.
IEEE [1]S. Bal, “Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies”, TJST, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 123–137, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.55525/tjst.1737110.
ISNAD Bal, Selma. “Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21/1 (March 1, 2026): 123-137. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1737110.
JAMA 1.Bal S. Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies. TJST. 2026;21:123–137.
MLA Bal, Selma. “Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 123-37, doi:10.55525/tjst.1737110.
Vancouver 1.Selma Bal. Novel Catalysts Derived From Carbazole; Characterization, Spectral, Catalytic Features, Examination of Thermal Behaviour and DNA Binding Studies. TJST. 2026 Mar. 1;21(1):123-37. doi:10.55525/tjst.1737110