Research Article
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Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 253 - 269 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998
https://izlik.org/JA25WF72ZG

Abstract

This study investigates the temperature-dependent fracture behavior of hot mix asphalt using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) test and nonlinear fracture mechanics principles. SCB specimens prepared from gyratory-compacted mixtures were notched at three depths and tested at four different temperatures (23 °C, 0 °C, -11 °C, and -22 °C). The Two-Parameter Model (TPM), the compliance approach, and the J-integral method were employed to determine nonlinear fracture parameters, including fracture toughness, effective crack length, elastic modulus, and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc). Load CMOD curves were analyzed to determine elastic modulus from initial compliance values, while nonlinear fracture toughness was calculated based on equivalent crack length at peak load. Results showed that temperature is the most dominant variable influencing fracture behavior, explaining more than 75% of the observed variation. As the temperature decreased, the elastic modulus and fracture toughness significantly increased, indicating stiff and brittle behavior, whereas higher temperatures led to increased CTODc and more ductile fracture characteristics. The findings demonstrate that nonlinear fracture mechanics and TPM provide reliable and physically meaningful fracture characterization for asphalt mixtures. The outcomes highlight the importance of temperature in pavement fracture performance and confirm that nonlinear fracture approaches are useful tools for performance-based asphalt pavement design, particularly in cold climate regions susceptible to thermal cracking.

Ethical Statement

There is no conflict of interest with any person/institution in the prepared article.

Supporting Institution

his study was carried out within the scope of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK).

Project Number

123M648

Thanks

This study was carried out within the scope of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by TUBITAK to Research Project 123M648. B.F.Y., R.İ., and M.Y. performed the experiments, interpreted the results, and finally wrote the article together.

References

  • AASHTO. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fracture Energy of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semicircular Bend Geometry (SCB). AASHTO TP 105-13, American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, 2015.
  • Nallathambi P, Karihaloo BL. Determination of the specimen size independent fracture toughness of plain concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 1986; 38: 67–76.
  • Ince R, Yalcin E, Yilmaz M. Quantifying nonlinear fracture parameters in bituminous SCB specimens: A compliance-based approach. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2024; 21: e03437.
  • Griffith AA. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 1920; 221: 163–198.
  • Kaplan MF. Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 1961; 58: 591–610.
  • Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE. Analysis of crack formation and growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cem. Concr. Res. 1976; 6: 773–782.
  • Jenq YS, Shah SP. A two-parameter model for concrete. J. Eng. Mech.–ASCE 1985; 111: 1227–1241.
  • Bazant ZP, Kazemi MT. Determination of fracture energy, process zone length, and brittleness number from size effect with application to rock and concrete. Int. J. Fract. 1990; 44(2): 111–131.
  • Xu S, Reinhardt HW. Determination of double-K criterion for crack propagation in quasi-brittle fracture, Part I: Experimental investigation of crack propagation. Int. J. Fract. 1999; 98: 111–149.
  • Hu X, Duan K. Size effect and quasi-brittle fracture: the role of FPZ. Int. J. Fract. 2008; 154: 3–14.
  • Ince R, Furtana B.F. A novel scb test for determining fracture quantities of bituminous composites. The Eurasia Proc.of Sci., Techn., Eng.& Math., 36, 253-261.
  • Yalcin F.B. Investigation of fatigue performance of hot mix asphalt mixtures modified with elvaloy and phosphoric acid (PPA) as an alternative to sbs polymer. The Eurasia Proc.of Sci., Techn., Eng.& Math., 36, 151-158.
  • Lim IL, Johnston W, Choi SK. Stress intensity factors for semi-circular specimen under three-point bending. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1993; 44: 363–382.
  • Li XJ, Marasteanu MO. Using Semi-Circular Bending Test to evaluate low temperature fracture resistance for asphalt concrete. Exp. Mech. 2010; 50: 867–876.

Yarım Dairesel Eğme Testi Kullanılarak Sıcak Karışım Asfalt Karışımların Kırılma Karakteristikleri Üzerindeki Sıcaklığın Etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 253 - 269 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998
https://izlik.org/JA25WF72ZG

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, sıcak karışım asfaltın sıcaklığa bağlı kırılma davranışı, Yarım Daire Eğilme (YDE) deneyi ve doğrusal olmayan kırılma mekaniği prensipleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Yoğurmalı pres ile sıkıştırılan asfalt karışımı numunelerine üç farklı çentik boyu uygulanmış ve numuneler dört farklı sıcaklıkta (23 °C, 0 °C, -11 °C ve -22 °C) test edilmiştir. Deneysel veriler, İki Parametreli Model (İPM), komplians yaklaşımı ve J-integral yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yük CMOD eğrilerinden elastisite modülü başlangıç komplians değerleri ile belirlenmiş, efektif çatlak boyu ve lineer olmayan kırılma tokluğu ise pik yük anındaki eşdeğer çatlak boyu üzerine kurulmuştur. Bulgular, sıcaklığın asfaltın kırılma davranışını etkileyen en baskın parametre olduğunu, kırılma davranışındaki değişimin %75’ten fazlasının sıcaklık ile açıklandığını göstermiştir. Sıcaklık azaldıkça elastisite modülü ve kırılma tokluğu artmış, malzeme daha rijit ve gevrek davranış sergilemiştir; sıcaklığın artmasıyla kritik çatlak ucu açılımı (CTODc) yükselmiş ve malzeme daha sünek bir davranış göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, doğrusal olmayan kırılma mekaniği ve İPM yaklaşımının asfalt karışımların kırılma performansının güvenilir ve fiziksel olarak anlamlı şekilde değerlendirilmesinde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma, özellikle soğuk iklim bölgelerinde termal çatlaklara karşı performansa dayalı asfalt kaplama tasarımı için önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/kurumla çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Project Number

123M648

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. TÜBİTAK'ın 123M648 numaralı Araştırma Projesi'ne sağladığı finansal destekten dolayı minnettarız. B.F.Y., R.İ. ve M.Y. deneyleri gerçekleştirmiş, sonuçları yorumlamış ve makaleyi birlikte yazmışlardır.

References

  • AASHTO. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fracture Energy of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semicircular Bend Geometry (SCB). AASHTO TP 105-13, American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, 2015.
  • Nallathambi P, Karihaloo BL. Determination of the specimen size independent fracture toughness of plain concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 1986; 38: 67–76.
  • Ince R, Yalcin E, Yilmaz M. Quantifying nonlinear fracture parameters in bituminous SCB specimens: A compliance-based approach. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2024; 21: e03437.
  • Griffith AA. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 1920; 221: 163–198.
  • Kaplan MF. Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 1961; 58: 591–610.
  • Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE. Analysis of crack formation and growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cem. Concr. Res. 1976; 6: 773–782.
  • Jenq YS, Shah SP. A two-parameter model for concrete. J. Eng. Mech.–ASCE 1985; 111: 1227–1241.
  • Bazant ZP, Kazemi MT. Determination of fracture energy, process zone length, and brittleness number from size effect with application to rock and concrete. Int. J. Fract. 1990; 44(2): 111–131.
  • Xu S, Reinhardt HW. Determination of double-K criterion for crack propagation in quasi-brittle fracture, Part I: Experimental investigation of crack propagation. Int. J. Fract. 1999; 98: 111–149.
  • Hu X, Duan K. Size effect and quasi-brittle fracture: the role of FPZ. Int. J. Fract. 2008; 154: 3–14.
  • Ince R, Furtana B.F. A novel scb test for determining fracture quantities of bituminous composites. The Eurasia Proc.of Sci., Techn., Eng.& Math., 36, 253-261.
  • Yalcin F.B. Investigation of fatigue performance of hot mix asphalt mixtures modified with elvaloy and phosphoric acid (PPA) as an alternative to sbs polymer. The Eurasia Proc.of Sci., Techn., Eng.& Math., 36, 151-158.
  • Lim IL, Johnston W, Choi SK. Stress intensity factors for semi-circular specimen under three-point bending. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1993; 44: 363–382.
  • Li XJ, Marasteanu MO. Using Semi-Circular Bending Test to evaluate low temperature fracture resistance for asphalt concrete. Exp. Mech. 2010; 50: 867–876.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Transportation Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Beyza Furtana Yalçın 0000-0003-4565-7324

Ragip İnce 0000-0002-9837-8284

Mehmet Yılmaz 0000-0002-2761-2598

Project Number 123M648
Submission Date November 8, 2025
Acceptance Date December 12, 2025
Publication Date March 30, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998
IZ https://izlik.org/JA25WF72ZG
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yalçın, B. F., İnce, R., & Yılmaz, M. (2026). Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, 21(1), 253-269. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998
AMA 1.Yalçın BF, İnce R, Yılmaz M. Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test. TJST. 2026;21(1):253-269. doi:10.55525/tjst.1819998
Chicago Yalçın, Beyza Furtana, Ragip İnce, and Mehmet Yılmaz. 2026. “Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 (1): 253-69. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998.
EndNote Yalçın BF, İnce R, Yılmaz M (March 1, 2026) Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 1 253–269.
IEEE [1]B. F. Yalçın, R. İnce, and M. Yılmaz, “Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test”, TJST, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 253–269, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.55525/tjst.1819998.
ISNAD Yalçın, Beyza Furtana - İnce, Ragip - Yılmaz, Mehmet. “Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21/1 (March 1, 2026): 253-269. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1819998.
JAMA 1.Yalçın BF, İnce R, Yılmaz M. Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test. TJST. 2026;21:253–269.
MLA Yalçın, Beyza Furtana, et al. “Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 253-69, doi:10.55525/tjst.1819998.
Vancouver 1.Beyza Furtana Yalçın, Ragip İnce, Mehmet Yılmaz. Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test. TJST. 2026 Mar. 1;21(1):253-69. doi:10.55525/tjst.1819998