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Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 283 - 296 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417
https://izlik.org/JA25WN86UD

Abstract

The surface temperature uniformity of aluminium hot‑plate heaters is a key factor affecting weld quality in PVC hot‑plate welding. Although aluminium plates are widely preferred for their high thermal conductivity, the effect of internal power distribution on surface temperature homogeneity under constant total power has not been thoroughly quantified. This study investigates the transient thermal behaviour of an aluminium heating plate using a three‑dimensional numerical heat conduction model including internal heat generation and convection–radiation losses. Two power‑distribution scenarios—symmetric (1250–1250 W) and asymmetric (1000–1500 W)—were examined with a fixed total power of 2500 W. Both reached the target temperature of 240 °C in similar times (~321 s), showing that overall heating behaviour is dictated mainly by total input power. However, spatial temperature differences were significant. The symmetric case produced global surface variations of ~30 °C, whereas the asymmetric case reduced this range to ~18 °C. In the active welding zone, temperature variation decreased from ~15 °C (symmetric) to only 4–5 °C (asymmetric). These results demonstrate that heat‑flux balance, rather than electrical symmetry, governs temperature uniformity. Therefore, internal power distribution represents an independent thermal design parameter and provides a practical basis for optimizing aluminium hot‑plate heaters used in industrial PVC welding systems.

References

  • Leadbitter J. PVC and sustainability. Progress in Polymer Science, 2002; 27(10): 2197–2226. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00038-2
  • EPPA. Welding PVC‑U Window Profiles, Part 1: Heating Element–Butt‑Welding. European PVC Window Profile and Related Building Products Association, 2020.
  • Wałęsa K, Malujda I, Górecki J, Wilczyński D. The temperature distribution during heating in hot‑plate welding process. MATEC Web of Conferences, 2019; 254: 02033. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201925402033
  • Stavrov D, Bersee HEN. Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites—an overview. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2005; 36(1): 39–54. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.06.030
  • Özkaymak M, Öz Y, Evis Z. Review, manufacturing, and tooling processes for continuous reinforced high‑performance thermoplastic composites and related thermal analyses. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2025. doi: 10.1177/07316844251345653
  • Zaidan MJ, Alhamdo MH. Comparative thermal analysis of serpentine and spiral tube configurations in concrete solar collectors using numerical and experimental approaches. Heat Transfer, 2025; 54(6): 3697–3722. doi: 10.1002/htj.23379
  • Marcelić MB, Geršak J, Rogale D, Rogale SF. Study of the compression properties of welded seams formed using hot wedge, hot air, ultrasonic, and high‑frequency welding techniques. Textile Research Journal, 2022; 92(23–24): 4736–4752. doi: 10.1177/00405175221109637
  • Giulietti N, Cosoli G, Napolitano R, Pandarese G, Revel GM, Chiariotti P. Spectral emissivity measurement for high‑temperature applications: a systematic review. Acta IMEKO, 2025; 14(1): 1–17. doi: 10.21014/ACTAIMEKO.V14I1.1846
  • Novakovic B, Kashkoush M. Modeling the matching stage of HDPE hot plate welding: A study using regression and support vector machine models. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2024; 64(2): 827–844. doi: 10.1002/pen.26587
  • Wygoda M, Paprocki M, Adamczyk W. Influence of the welding process on the quality of PVC frames. Manufacturing Technology, 2022; 22(3): 356–366. doi: 10.21062/MFT.2022.037
  • Wałęsa K, Talaśka K, Wilczyński D, Górecki J, Wojtkowiak D. Experimental approach to modeling of the plasticizing operation in the hot‑plate welding process. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2021; 22(1), doi: 10.1007/s43452-021-00336-x
  • Maynard V, Landry‑Blais A, Francoeur D, Bombardier N, Chapdelaine A, Picard M. Direct resistance heating of aluminum sheets for rapid superplastic forming. Engineering Proceedings, 2023; 43(1): 40. doi: 10.3390/engproc2023043040
  • Çengel YA, Ghajar AJ. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications. New York: McGraw‑Hill Education, 2015
  • Bergman TL, Lavine AS, Incropera FP, DeWitt DP. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011
  • Kibar A. The effect on thermal efficiency of the height of a radiator above the floor. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2022; 40(4): 814–821. doi: 10.14744/sigma.2022.00097
  • Kibar A. A numerical investigation of the heating of a 3D mosque model using panel radiators. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2018; 36(1): 1–12

PVC Pencere Kaynağı için Alüminyum Sıcak-Plaka Isıtıcılarda Güç Dağılımının Yüzey Sıcaklığı Homojenliğine Etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 283 - 296 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417
https://izlik.org/JA25WN86UD

Abstract

Alüminyum sıcak‑plaka ısıtıcıların yüzey sıcaklığı homojenliği, PVC sıcak‑plaka kaynağında kaynak kalitesini doğrudan etkileyen temel bir parametredir. Alüminyum plakalar yüksek ısıl iletkenlikleri nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanılmasına rağmen, sabit toplam güç altında iç güç dağılımının yüzey sıcaklık homojenliğine etkisi yeterince nicel olarak incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, iç ısı üretimi ve konveksiyon‑radyasyon kayıplarını içeren üç boyutlu zamana bağlı bir ısı iletimi modeli kullanılarak bir alüminyum sıcak‑plaka ısıtıcısının termal davranışı analiz edilmiştir. Toplam güç 2500 W sabit tutulmak üzere iki senaryo—simetrik (1250–1250 W) ve asimetrik (1000–1500 W) incelenmiştir. Her iki durumda da hedef sıcaklık olan 240 °C’ye benzer sürelerde (~321 s) ulaşılmış, böylece küresel ısınma davranışının esas olarak toplam güç girdisi tarafından belirlendiği doğrulanmıştır. Ancak uzamsal sıcaklık dağılımları belirgin şekilde farklıdır. Simetrik dağılım ~30 °C’lik bir yüzey sıcaklık aralığı oluştururken, asimetrik dağılım bu aralığı ~18 °C’ye düşürmüştür. Aktif kaynak bölgesinde sıcaklık değişimi simetrik durumda ~15 °C iken, asimetrik durumda 4–5 °C seviyesine inmiştir. Sonuçlar, sıcaklık homojenliğinin elektriksel simetriden ziyade ısı akısı dengesine bağlı olduğunu göstermekte ve güç dağılımının bağımsız bir termal tasarım parametresi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Leadbitter J. PVC and sustainability. Progress in Polymer Science, 2002; 27(10): 2197–2226. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00038-2
  • EPPA. Welding PVC‑U Window Profiles, Part 1: Heating Element–Butt‑Welding. European PVC Window Profile and Related Building Products Association, 2020.
  • Wałęsa K, Malujda I, Górecki J, Wilczyński D. The temperature distribution during heating in hot‑plate welding process. MATEC Web of Conferences, 2019; 254: 02033. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201925402033
  • Stavrov D, Bersee HEN. Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites—an overview. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2005; 36(1): 39–54. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.06.030
  • Özkaymak M, Öz Y, Evis Z. Review, manufacturing, and tooling processes for continuous reinforced high‑performance thermoplastic composites and related thermal analyses. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2025. doi: 10.1177/07316844251345653
  • Zaidan MJ, Alhamdo MH. Comparative thermal analysis of serpentine and spiral tube configurations in concrete solar collectors using numerical and experimental approaches. Heat Transfer, 2025; 54(6): 3697–3722. doi: 10.1002/htj.23379
  • Marcelić MB, Geršak J, Rogale D, Rogale SF. Study of the compression properties of welded seams formed using hot wedge, hot air, ultrasonic, and high‑frequency welding techniques. Textile Research Journal, 2022; 92(23–24): 4736–4752. doi: 10.1177/00405175221109637
  • Giulietti N, Cosoli G, Napolitano R, Pandarese G, Revel GM, Chiariotti P. Spectral emissivity measurement for high‑temperature applications: a systematic review. Acta IMEKO, 2025; 14(1): 1–17. doi: 10.21014/ACTAIMEKO.V14I1.1846
  • Novakovic B, Kashkoush M. Modeling the matching stage of HDPE hot plate welding: A study using regression and support vector machine models. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2024; 64(2): 827–844. doi: 10.1002/pen.26587
  • Wygoda M, Paprocki M, Adamczyk W. Influence of the welding process on the quality of PVC frames. Manufacturing Technology, 2022; 22(3): 356–366. doi: 10.21062/MFT.2022.037
  • Wałęsa K, Talaśka K, Wilczyński D, Górecki J, Wojtkowiak D. Experimental approach to modeling of the plasticizing operation in the hot‑plate welding process. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2021; 22(1), doi: 10.1007/s43452-021-00336-x
  • Maynard V, Landry‑Blais A, Francoeur D, Bombardier N, Chapdelaine A, Picard M. Direct resistance heating of aluminum sheets for rapid superplastic forming. Engineering Proceedings, 2023; 43(1): 40. doi: 10.3390/engproc2023043040
  • Çengel YA, Ghajar AJ. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications. New York: McGraw‑Hill Education, 2015
  • Bergman TL, Lavine AS, Incropera FP, DeWitt DP. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011
  • Kibar A. The effect on thermal efficiency of the height of a radiator above the floor. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2022; 40(4): 814–821. doi: 10.14744/sigma.2022.00097
  • Kibar A. A numerical investigation of the heating of a 3D mosque model using panel radiators. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2018; 36(1): 1–12
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (Incl. Computational Fluid Dynamics)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ali Kibar 0000-0002-2310-1088

Eyüp Öztürk 0009-0000-6695-1800

M Albayrak

Submission Date January 13, 2026
Acceptance Date March 11, 2026
Publication Date March 30, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417
IZ https://izlik.org/JA25WN86UD
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kibar, A., Öztürk, E., & Albayrak, M. (2026). Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, 21(1), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417
AMA 1.Kibar A, Öztürk E, Albayrak M. Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding. TJST. 2026;21(1):283-296. doi:10.55525/tjst.1859417
Chicago Kibar, Ali, Eyüp Öztürk, and M Albayrak. 2026. “Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 (1): 283-96. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417.
EndNote Kibar A, Öztürk E, Albayrak M (March 1, 2026) Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21 1 283–296.
IEEE [1]A. Kibar, E. Öztürk, and M. Albayrak, “Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding”, TJST, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 283–296, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.55525/tjst.1859417.
ISNAD Kibar, Ali - Öztürk, Eyüp - Albayrak, M. “Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 21/1 (March 1, 2026): 283-296. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1859417.
JAMA 1.Kibar A, Öztürk E, Albayrak M. Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding. TJST. 2026;21:283–296.
MLA Kibar, Ali, et al. “Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 283-96, doi:10.55525/tjst.1859417.
Vancouver 1.Ali Kibar, Eyüp Öztürk, M Albayrak. Influence of Power Distribution on Surface Temperature Homogeneity in Aluminium Hot-Plate Heaters for PVC Window Welding. TJST. 2026 Mar. 1;21(1):283-96. doi:10.55525/tjst.1859417