Relationship between Cystatin C with some hematological and biochemical parameters in neonatal calf diarrhea

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 79 - 87, 30.10.2020

Mohanad Makdam Yıldıray Basbugan

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between cystatin C (Cys-C) and some hematologic and biochemical parameters in neonatal calves diarrhea.
Materials and Methods: In this research the animal material of the study was obtained from different breeds, genders and ages (0-30 days) 10 samples have been taken from healthy neonatal calves and 22 samples from diarrhea calves which didn′t received any medicine. Otherwise, the general examination has been done for all the calves. Furthermore, by performing etiological examination on the diarrhea calves 3 Giardia, 5 E. coli K99, 8 Coronavirus, 7 Rotavirus and 1 Cryptosporidium have been detected. The levels of hematologic (WBC, Neu, Lym, Eo, Mo, RBC, MCV, MCHC, Hct, Hb), biochemical (glucose, TP, Alb, BUN, Cr, CK) and blood gas (pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, base, Na+, K+ and Cl-) have been determind for both healthy calves and neonatal calves diarrhea.
Results: Depending on the control group, we have observed that the neonatal calves diarrhea hematologic parameters WBC, Neu, Hct, Hb levels (p<0.05) and biochemical parameter BUN (p<0.01) and Cr (p<0.05) level statistically have been increased. On the other hand, Alb (p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.01) levels have been decreased. In term of blood gas analysis and depending on the control group the level of K+ (p<0.05) has been increased, the levels of pH, pO2 and base (p<0.05) have been decreased. We evaluate the Cys-C level in the neonatal calves diarrhea and we have found that Cys-C level is statistically increased this was detected comparing to the control group (p <0.01).
Conclusion: In this research the obtained level of Cys-C can be used as reference for calves; statistically there is no relationship between Cys-C and some of the hematologic and biochemical parameters, the Cys-C level in the calves diarrhea is an important parameter it can be used to determine the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease; but still much more research about the topic should be done.

Keywords

Neonatal, calf, Diarrhea, Cystatin C

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Projects Coordination

Project Number

TYL-2019-8147

Thanks

I would like to thank Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit for their financial support (Projects Number: TYL-2019-8147)

References

• Almy FS, Christopher MM, King DP, Brown SA. Evaluation of cystatin C as an endogenous marker oaf glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Intern 2002;16(1):45-51.‏
• Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C, et al. Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. YYU Vet Fak Derg2013; 24(3):123-128.‏
• Başer DF, Civelek T. Akut İshalli Neonatal Buzağılarda Venöz Asit-Baz Durumu ve Renal Fonksiyon Arası Korelasyon. KVJ 2013; 6(1):25-31.‏
• Bazeley K. Investigation of diarrhoea in the neonatal calf. In Pract 2003; 25(3):152-159.‏
• Bednarski M, Kupczynski R. Analysis of acid? base disorders in calves with lactic acidosis using aclassic model and strong ion approach. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2015; 39(5):615-620.‏
• Bellino C, Arnaudo F, Biolatti C, et al. Development of a diagnostic diagram for rapid field assessment of acidosis severity in diarrheic calves. J Am Vet Med A 2012; 240(3):312-316.‏
• Berchtold J. Intravenous fluid therapy of calves. Vet Clın N Am-Food A 1999; 15(3):505-531.‏
• Berchtold J. Treatment of calf diarrhea: intravenous fluid therapy. Vet Clın N Am-Food A,2009; 25(1):73-99.‏
• Bouda J, Jagos P, 1984. Biochemical and hematological reference values in calves and their significance for health control [blood, proteins, immunoglobulins, carotene, glucose, urea, enzymes, minerals, acid-base balance]. Acta Vet Brno.
• Braun JP, Perxachs A, Pe D, De La Farge F. Plasma cystatin C in the dog: reference values and variations with renal failure. Comp Clin Path2002; 11-1:44-49.‏
• Briguori C, Visconti G, Rivera NV, et al. Cystatin C and contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation 2010; 121(19):2117.‏
• ‏Cambier C, Clerbaux T, Moreaux B, et al. Blood oxygen binding in calves with naturally occurring diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62(5):799-804.‏
• Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea-infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Scı 2014; 15(1):1-17.‏
• Cobrin AR, Blois SL, Kruth SA, Abrams‐Ogg ACG, Dewey C. Biomarkers in the assessment of acute and chronic kidney diseases in the dog and cat. J Small Anım Pract 2013; 54(12):647-655.‏
• Constable PD, Grünberg W. Hyperkalemia in diarrheic calves: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Vet J2013; 195(3):271-272.‏ Dawes ME, Tyler JW, Hostetler DE, Nagy DW, Tessman RK. Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea: a review. AABP 2014; 48-1.‏
• Erdoğan, H, 2014. Orta dereceli dehidre neonatal ishalli buzağılarda izotonik kristalloid solüsyonların (%0,9 nacl, %1,3 nahco3) yavaş ve hızlı intravenöz uygulama etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması, AMÜ, sağlık bilimler enstitüsü. yüksek lisans tezi.
• Etem A, Mızrak S. Böbrek Fonksiyon Bozukluğunun Erken Dönemde Belirlenmesinde Sistatin C'nin Önemi.‏ Turk J Bıochem 2015;13(2):51-58.
• Furman-Fratczak K, Rzasa A, Stefaniak T. The influence of colostral immunoglobulin concentration in heifer calves’ serum on their health and growth. J Dairy Sci2011; 94(11):5536-2243.‏
• Ghys L, Paepe D, Smets P, Lefebvre H, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Cystatin C: a new renal marker and its potential use in small animal medicine. J Vet Intern2014; 28(4):1152-1164.‏
• Gomez DE, Lofstedt J, Stämpfli HR, et al. Contribution of unmeasured anions to acid–base disorders and its association with altered demeanor in 264 calves with neonatal diarrhea. J Vet Intern 2013; 27(6):1604-1612.‏
• Heller MC, Chigerwe M. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants. Vet Clın N Am-Food A2018; 34(1):101-117.‏
• Ježek J, Nemec M, Starič J, Klinkon M. Age related changes and reference intervals of haematological variables in dairy calves. B Vet I Pulawy 2011; 55:471-478.‏
• Kasari TR. Metabolic acidosis in calves. Vet Clın N Am-Food A 1999; 15(3):473-486.‏
• Klee W, 1985. Untersuchungen über die Nierenfunktion bei gesunden und bei an akutem Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. Doktora tezi.
• Klein-Jöbstl D, Iwersen M, Drillich M. Farm characteristics and calf management practices on dairy farms with and without diarrhea: A case-control study to investigate risk factors for calf diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97(8):5110-5119.‏
• Klinkon M, Ježek J,2012. Values of blood variables in calves.A bird’s-eye view of veterinary medicine’. (Ed. CC Perez-Marin) pp, 301-320.
• Knowles TG, Edwards JE, Bazeley KJ, et al. Changes in the blood biochemical and haematological profile of neonatal calves with age. Vet Rec 2000; 147(21):593-598.‏
• Kozat S, 2000. İshalli buzağılarda kristalloid (laktatlı Ringer) ve kolloid + kristalloid (% 6 dekstran- 70 + laktatlı ringer) infüzyon solüsyonlarının rehidratasyon etkinliği.YYÜ. Sağ. Bil. Ens.
• Kraft W, Dürr UM. Referenzbereiche.Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin. Schattauer, Stuttgart. Germany 1999; 344-359.‏
• Maach L, Gründer HD, Boujija A. Clinical and hematological studies in newborn Holstein-Frisian breeding calves with diarrhea in Morocco. DTW 1992; 99(4):133-140.‏
• Maach L, Gründer HD, Faio A. Hämozytologische und hämobiochemische Untersuchungen bei schwarzbunten, klinisch gesunden Aufzuchtkälbern in Marokko. DTW 1991; 98(3):94-102.‏
• McGuirk SM. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Vet Clin N Am-Food A 2008; 24(1):139-153.‏
• Mee JF, 2008. Managing the calf at calving time.In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference AABP. September, (Vol 46).‏
• Millemann Y. Diagnosis of neonatal calf diarrhoea. Rev Med Vet 2009; 160(8-9):404-409.‏
• Miyagawa Y, Takemura N, Hirose H. Evaluation of the measurement of serum cystatin C by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for humans as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate in dogs. JVMS 2009; 71(9):1169-1176.‏
• Mohri M, Sharifi K, Eidi S. Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83(1):30-39.‏
• Monti P, Benchekroun G, Berlato D, Archer J. Initial evaluation of canine urinary cystatin C as a marker of renal tubular function. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53(5):254-259.‏
• Muktar Y, Mamo G, Tesfaye B, Belina D. A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method. J Vet Med Anim Health 2015; 7(5):173-185.
• Nakhjavan-Shahraki B, Yousefifard M, Ataei N, et al. Accuracy of cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury in children; serum or urine levels: which one works better? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18(1):120.
• ‏Onopiuk A, Tokarzewicz A, Gorodkiewicz E, 2015. Cystatin C: a kidney function biomarker. Adv Clın Chem, Vol(68), pp 57-69.
• Özkan C, Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Kaya A, Akgül Y. Assessment of electrocardiographic findings, serum nitric oxide, cardiac troponins and some enzymes in calves with hyperkaliemia related to neonatal diarrhoea. Rev Med Vet 2011; 162(4):171-176.‏
• Pagitz M, Frommlet F, Schwendenwein I. Evaluation of biological variance of cystatin C in comparison with other endogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern 2007; 21(5):936-942.‏
• Panousis N, Siachos N, Kitkas G, et al. Hematology reference intervals for neonatal Holstein calves. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:1-10.
• Pereira RV, Adams-Progar AL, Moore DA, 2017. Dairy Calf Treatment for Diarrhea: Are the Drugs We Use Effective?. WSU Extension.‏
• Piccione G, Casella S, Pennisi P, Giannetto C, Costa A, Caola G. Monitoring of physiological and blood parameters during perinatal and neonatal period in calves. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2010; 62(1):1-12.‏
• Seifi HA, Mohri M, Shoorei E, Farzaneh N. Using haematological and serum biochemical findings as prognostic indicators in calf diarrhoea. Comp Clin Path 2006; 15(3):143-147.‏
• Sen I, Constable PD. General overview to treatment of strong ion (metabolic) acidosis in neonatal calves with diarrhea. Eurasian J Vet Sci 2013; 29:114-120.‏
• Silva BT, Henklein A, de Sousa Marques R, de Oliveira PL, Leite SBP, Fontes SM, Gomes V (2016): Vital parameters of Holstein calves from birth to weaning.‏
• Smith DR. Field disease diagnostic investigation of neonatal calf diarrhea. Vet Clin N Am-Food A 2012; 28(3):465-481.‏
• Sobiech P, Rękawek W, Ali M, et al. Changes in blood acid-base balance parameters and coagulation profile during diarrhea in calves. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16(3):543-549.
• Thrall MA, Bake DC, Compbell TW, et al. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. USA2004; 77.‏
• Toprak AE. Serum sistatin c analizinde türbidimetrik yöntemin performans değerlendirmesi ve nefelometrik yöntemle karşılaştırılması. Turk J Biochem 2013; 38(32):238-242.‏
• Trefz FM, Lorenz I, Lorch A, Constable PD. Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea. PloS one 2017; 12(8).
• Uetake K. Newborn calf welfare: A review focusing on mortality rates. Anim Sci J 2013; 84(2):101-105.‏
• Uhde FL, Kaufmann T, Sager H, et al. Prevalence of four enteropathogens in the faeces of young diarrhoeic dairy calves in Switzerland. Vet Rec 2008; 163(12):362-366.‏
• Ustaalioğlu YE, Bal AS, Oral AY. Glomerüler Filtrasyon Belirteçleri ve Hesaplama Formülleri. Uludağ Üni Tıp Fak Derg 2015; 41(2):95-102.‏
• Villa P, Jiménez M, Soriano MC, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2005; 9(2):R139.‏
• Wilson LL, Smith JL, Smith DL, et al. Characteristics of veal calves upon arrival, at 28 and 84 days, and at end of the production cycle. J dairy sci 2000; 83(4):843-854.‏
• Xiao L, Herd RP, Rings DM. Concurrent infections of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on two Ohio farms with calf diarrhea. Vet Parasitol 1993; 51(1-2):41-44.