Apoptosis in cancer

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 85 - 95, 25.11.2022

Melisa Beyhan Yılmaz , Dilek Muz

https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1121211

Abstract

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism, with its presence and absence, directs the progression of most diseases and is targeted in disease treatments. Many factors are influential in the cell's pathway to apoptosis. The defects in these pathways may transform the cell become malignant, and the organism may face a lethal outcome such as cancer. Understanding apoptosis will provide clues in guiding the pathogenesis of diseases. Two main pathway leading to apoptosis, intrinsic and extrinsic, take an active role. Another route is activated by enzymes and enzymes secreted by immune cells such as T and NK. With their initiator and enforcer roles, many caspase molecules are active at critical points in the cell's apoptosis process. In cancer treatments, activation of molecules in these pathways and repair of disrupted pathways are among the target approaches. This review discuss target strategies for inhibiting apoptotic pathways and molecules in cancer cells and the activation of these apoptotic pathways.

Keywords

Cell death, Apoptosis, Caspases, Bcl-2 family, Cancer

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

• Adams J. M, Cory S. The Bcl-2 Arbiters Of Apoptosis And Their Growing Role As Cancer Targets. Cell Death Differ. 2018; 25(1), 27-36.
• Akl H, Vervloessem T, Kiviluoto S, et al. A Dual Role For The Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Protein İn Cancer: Mitochondria Versus Endoplasmic Reticulum. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta(Bba). 2014; 10(1843), 2240-2252.
• Berthelet J, Dubrez L. Regulation Of Apoptosis By Inhibitors Of Apoptosis (Iaps). Cells. 2013; 2(1), 163-187.
• Blandino G, Agostino S. D. New Therapeutic Strategies To Treat Human Cancers Expressing Mutant P53 Proteins. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018, 15;37(1):30.
• Bouillet P, Strasser A. BH3-only proteins — evolutionarily conserved proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members essential for initiating programmed cell death. Journal of Cell Science. 2002; (115), 1567-1574.
• Campbell K. J, Tait S. W. G. Targeting Bcl-2 Regulated Apoptosis İn Cancer. Open Biol. 2018; 8(5), 180002. Carrasco R. A, Stamm N. B, Marcusson E, et al. Antisense inhibition of survivin expression as a cancer therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011; 10(2), 221-232.
• Chen Z, Chen J, Liu H, et al. The SMAC Mimetic APG-1387 Sensitizes Immune-Mediated Cell Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in pharmacology, 2018; 9, 1298.
• Clemente N, Boggio E, Gigliotti C. L, et al. A Mutation İn Caspase-9 Decreases The Expression Of Baffr And Icos İn Patients With İmmunodeficiency And Lymphoproliferation. Genes & Immunity. 2015; (16), 151–161.
• Cossu F, Milani M, Mastrangelo E, Lecis D. Targeting The BIR Domains Of Inhibitor Of Apoptosis (IAP) Proteins İn Cancer Treatment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019; (17),142-150.
• Dagbay K. B, Hill, M. E, Barrett E, Hardy J. A. Tumor-Associated Mutations in Caspase-6 Negatively Impact Catalytic Efficiency. Biochemistry. 2017; 29; 56(34), 4568–4577.
• Dai X, Zhang J, Arfuso F, et al. Targeting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor by natural products as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2015; 240(6),760-773.
• Danial N. N, Hockenbery D. M. Chapter 18-Cell death. In Hematology, 7th ed.; Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Silberstein, L.E., Heslop, H.E., Weitz, J.I., Anastasi, J., Salama, M.E., Abutalib, S.A., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; 186-196.
• Donnelly O. G, Errington-Mais F, Steele L, et al. Measles virus causes immunogenic cell death in human melanoma. Gene Ther. 2013; 20(1),7-15.
• Elkholi, R., Floros, K. V., Chipuk, J. E. The role of bh3-only proteins in tumor cell development, signaling and treatment. Genes Cancer. 2011; 2(5),523–537.
• Elliott M. R, Chekeni F. B, Trampont P. C, et al. Nucleotides Released by Apoptotic Cells Act as a Find-Me Signal to Promote Phagocytic Clearance. Nature. 2009; 461(7261), 282-286. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08296.
• Elmore S. Apoptosis: A Review Of Programmed Cell Death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4), 495-516.
• Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyama H, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature. 1998; 391(6662), 43-50.
• Falschlehner C, Schaefer U, Walczak H. Following Traıl's Path in The Immune System. Immunology. 2009; 127 (2), 145-154.
• Fleming J. B, Shen G. L, Holloway S. E, Davis M, Brekken R. A. Molecular consequences of silencing mutant K-ras in pancreatic cancer cells: Justification for K-ras-directed therapy. Mol Cancer Res. 2005; 3, 413-423.
• Fulda, S., Debatin, K. M. Caspase Activation in Cancer Therapy. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience. 2000-2013.
• Fulda S, Debatin K. M. Extrinsic Versus İntrinsic Apoptosis Pathways İn Anticancer Chemotherapy. Oncogene. 2006; (25), 4798-4811.
• Garg H, Suri P, Gupta J. C, Talwar G. P, Dubey S. Survivin: a unique target for tumor therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2016; 23;16:49.
• Giorgio M, Migliaccio E, Orsini F, et al. Electron Transfer Between Cytochrome C And P66shc Generates Reactive Oxygen Species That Trigger Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Cell. 2005; 122(2), 221-33.
• Green D. R, Llambi F. Cell Death Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015; 12(3), A006080.
• Hensley P, Mishra M, Kyprianou N. Targeting Caspases İn Cancer Therapeutics. Biol Chem. 2013; 394(7), 831-843. https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2013-0128.
• Humphreys L, Espona‐Fiedler M, Longley D. B. Flıp As A Therapeutic Target İn Cancer. Febs J. 2018; 285(22), 4104-4123.
• Hyer M. L, Samuel T, Reed J. C. The Flıp-Side Of Fas Signaling Clinical Cancer Research. 2006; 15(12),5929-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2098.
• Ivanov, V. N., Bhoumik, A., Ronai, Z. Death Receptors And Melanoma Resistance To Apoptosis. Oncogene. 2003; (22), 3152-3161.
• Jan R, Chaudhry G. Understanding Apoptosis And Apoptotic Pathways Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Adv Pharma Bull. 2019; 9(2), 205-218.
• Jia L. T, Chen S. Y, Yang A. G. Cancer gene therapy targeting cellular apoptosis machinery. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012; 38, 868-876.
• Johnstone R. W, Ruefli A. A, Lowe S. W. Apoptosis: A Link Between Cancer Genetics And Chemotherapy. Article History. 2002; 2(108), 153-164.
• Kannan K, Jain S. Oxidative Stress And Apoptosis. Pathophysiology. 2000; 7(3), 153-163.
• Karstedt S. V, Montinare A, Walczak H. Exploring the TRAILs less travelled: TRAIL in cancer biology and therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2017; 17, 352-366.
• Kerr J. F, Winterford C, Harmon B. Apoptosis. its Significance in Cancer and Cancer Therapy. Cancer. 1994; 15;73(8), 2013-2026.
• Kerr J. F, Wyllie A. H, Currie A. R. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer. 1972; 26, 239-257.
• Kim J. S, Lee J. H, Jeong W. W. et al. Reactive oxygen species-dependent EndoG release mediates cisplatin-induced caspase-independent apoptosis in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2008 Feb 2008; 1;122(3), 672-80
• Kim W. S, Kim H, Kwon K. W. et al. Cisplatin Induces Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Response to TLR Agonists Via the Abundant Production of IL-10, Thereby Promoting Th2- and Tr1-biased T-Cell Immunity. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(23), 33765-82.
• Kogan S, Carpizo D. Pharmacological targeting of mutant p53. Transl Cancer Res. 2019; 5(6), 698-706. https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2016.11.74.
• Krens L. L, Baas J. M, Gelderblom H, Gucheaar H. J. Therapeutic modulation of k-ras signaling in colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today. 2010; 15, 502-516.
• Kumar P, Ning Y, Polverini P. J. Endothelial cells expressing Bcl-2 promotes tumor metastasis by enhancing tumor angiogenesis, blood vessel leakiness and tumor invasion. Lab Invest. 2008; 88(7), 740-749.
• Kurmyshkina O. V, Kovchur P. I, Volkova T. O. Caspases As Putative Biomarkers Of Cervical Cancer Development.Intech: 2015; 265-430.
• Lebedeva I. V, Su Z. Z, Sarkar D, Fisher P. B. Restoring apoptosis as a strategy for cancer gene therapy: Focus on p53 and mda-7. Semin Cancer Biol. 2003; 13, 169-178.
• Lecis D, Drago C, Manzoni L, et al. Novel SMAC-mimetics synergistically stimulate melanoma cell death in combination with TRAIL and Bortezomib. British Journal of Cancer. 2010; 102, 1707-1716.
• Legler K, Hauser C, Egberts J, et al. The Novel Traıl-Receptor Agonist Apg350 Exerts Superior Therapeutic Activity İn Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cell Death & Disease. 2018; (9), 1-15.
• Lomonosova E, Chinnadurai G. Bh3-Only Proteins İn Apoptosis And Beyond: An Overview. Oncogene 2008; ( 1),2-19.
• Lopez J, Tait S. W. G. Mitochondrial Apoptosis: Killing Cancer Using The Enemy Within. Br J Cancer. 2015; 112(6), 957-962.
• MacKenzie S. H, Clark A. C. Targeting cell death in tumors by activating caspases. Current cancer drug targets, 2008; 8(2), 98-109.
• Maeda T, Yamada Y, Moriuchi R, et al. Fas Gene Mutation İn The Progression Of Adult T Cell Leukemia. J Exp Med. 1999; 189(7), 1063-1071.
• McCune J. S. Rapid advances in immunotherapy to treat cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 103(4), 540-544.
• Merino D, Kelly G. L, Lessene G, Wei A. H, Roberts A. V, Strasser A. BH3-Mimetic Drugs: Blazing The Trail For New Cancer Medicines. Cancer Cell. 2018; 34(6), 879-891.
• Miliotou A. N, Papadopoulou L. C. CAR t-cell therapy: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018; 19(1), 5-18.
• Mohammad R. M, Muqbil I, Lowe L, et al. Broad Targeting Of Resistance To Apoptosis İn Cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2015; 35(0), 78-103.
• Mortenson M. M, Galante J. G, Gilad O, et al. BCL-2 functions as an activator of the AKT signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2007; 102(5), 1171-1179.
• Nagata S, Nagase H, Kawane K, Mukae N, Fukuyama H. Degradation Of Chromosomal Dna During Apoptosis. Cell Death & Differentiation. 2003; (10), 108-116.
• Neil J. O, Michael M, Schwartz P, Hockenbery D. M. Promises And Challenges Of Targeting Bcl-2 Anti-Apoptotic Proteins For Cancer Therapy. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (Bba). 2004; 1(1705), 43-51.
• Ogura A, Oowada S, Kon Y, et al. Redox Regulation in Radiation-Induced Cytochrome C Release From Mitochondria of Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells. Cancer Lett. 2009; 277(1), 64-71.
• Onoda T, Ono T, Dhar D. K, et al. Tetracycline Analogues (Doxycycline and COL-3) Induce Caspase-Dependent and -Independent Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Cancer. 2006; 118(5), 1309-15.
• Ozaki T, Nakagawara A. Role Of P53 İn Cell Death And Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2011; 3(1), 994-1013.
• Palmerini F, Devilard E, Jarry A, Birg F, Xerri L. Caspase 7 downregulation as an ımmunohistochemical marker of colonic carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2001; 32(5), 461-7.
• Pan S. T, Li Z. L, He Z.X, Qiu J. X, Zhou S. F. Molecular Mechanisms for Tumour Resistance to Chemotherapy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2016; 43(8), 723-37.
• Pandey M. K, Prasad S, Tyagi A. K, et al. Targeting Cell Survival Proteins For Cancer Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016; 9(1), 11.
• Perri F, Pisconti S, Scarpati G. D. V. P53 Mutations And Cancer: A Tight Linkage. Ann Transl Med. 2016; 4(24), 522.
• Piras V, Hayashi K, Tomita M, Selvarajoo K. Enhancing apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells using fundamental response rules. Sci Rep 2011; 1, 144.
• Putney S. D, Brown J, Cucco C, et al. Enhanced anti-tumor effects with microencapsulated c-myc antisense oligonucleotide. Antisense Nucl Acid Drug Dev. 1999; 9, 451-458.
• Radogna F, Cristofanon S, Paternoster L, et al. Melatonin Antagonizes The Intrinsic Pathway Of Apoptosis Via Mitochondrial Targeting Of Bcl-2. J. Pineai Res. 2007; 44(3), 316-25.
• Ralff M. D, El-Deiry W. S. Traıl Pathway Targeting Therapeutics. Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev. 2019; 3(3), 197-204.
• Rosenberg S. A, Restifo N. P, Yang J. C, Morgan R. A, Dubley M. E. Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008; 8(4), 299-308.
• Roth J. A, Nguyen D, Lawrence D. D, et al. Retrovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer to tumors of patients with lung cancer. Nat Med. 1996; 2, 985-991.
• Saraste A, Pulkki K. Morphologic And Biochemical Hallmarks Of Apoptosis. Cardiovascular Research. 2000; 3(45), 528-537.
• Seitz S. J, Schleithoff E. S, Koch A, et al. Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Involves the p53 Family and is Mediated Via the Extrinsic and the Intrinsic Pathway. Int J Cancer. 2010; 126(9), 2049-66.
• Shanker M, Jin J, Branch C. D, et al. Tumor suppressor gene-based nanotherapy: From test tube to the clinic. J Drug Deliv. 2011; 465845.
• Sharkey R. M, Goldenberg D. M. Targeted therapy of cancer: new prospects for antibodies and immunoconjugates. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 256(4), 226-243.
• Shin M. S, Kim H. S, Lee S. H, et al. Mutations Of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-İnducing Ligand Receptor 1 (Traıl-R1) And Receptor 2 (Traıl-R2) Genes İn Metastatic Breast Cancers. Cancer Res. 2001; 61(13), 4942-4946. PMID: 11431320.
• Sia J, Szmyd R, Hau E, Gee H. E. Molecular Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Cancer Cell Death: A Primer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020; 8:41/full (February).
• Silke J, Meier P. Inhibitor Of Apoptosis (Iap) Proteins–Modulators Of Cell Death And Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013; 5(2): A008730.
• Soengas Ms S, Capodieci P, Polsky D, et al. Inactivation Of The Apoptosis Effector Apaf-1 İn Malignant Melanoma. Nature. 2001; 409(6817), 207-211.
• Soung H. Y, Lee J. W, Kim H. S, et al. Inactivating mutations of caspase-7 gene in human cancers. Oncogene. 2003; (22), 8048-8052.
• Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K. Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates. Cell Death Differ. 1998; 5(12), 997-1000.
• Suzuki K, Matsubara H. Recent advances in p53 research and cancer treatment. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011;1-7.
• Tait S. W. G, Ichim G, Green D. R. Die another way – non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. J Cell Sci. 2014; 127(10), 2135-2144.
• Takakuwa T, Dong Z, Nakatsuka S, et al. Frequent Mutations Of Fas Gene İn Nasal Nk/T Cell Lymphoma. Oncogene. 2002; (21), 4702-4705. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205571.
• Takasu A, Masui A, Hamada M, Imai T, Iwai S, Yura Y. et al. Immunogenic cell death by oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 in squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 2016; 23(4), 107-113.
• Tanioka M, Nokihara H, Yamamoto N, et al. Phase I study of LY2181308, an antisense oligonucleotide against survivin, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011, 68(2), 505-511.
• Tucker C. A, Kapanen A. I, Chikh G, et al. Silencing Bcl-2 in models of mantle cell lymphoma is associated with decreases in cyclin D1, nuclear factor- kappaB, p53, bax, and p27 levels. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008; 7(4), 749-758.
• Vo T. T, Letai A. Bh3-Only Proteins And Their Effects On Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013; (687), 49-63.
• Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine A. J. Surfing the p53 network. Nature. 2000; 408, 307-310.
• Wang H. H, Wu Z. Q, Qian D, et al. Ablative Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy Enhances Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Killing Via Preferential Stimulation of Necroptosis in Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018; 101(1), 49-62.
• Wang L, He L, Bao G, He X, Fan S, Wang H. Ionizing Radiation Induces HMGB1 Cytoplasmic Translocation and Extracellular Release. Int J Radiat Med Nucl Med. 2016; 40(2), 91-9.
• Wang Y. F, Chen C. Y, Chung S. F, Chiou Y. H, Lo H. R. Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Caspase Activation in Paclitaxel-Induced Apoptosis of Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004; 54(4), 322-30.
• Wong R. S. Apoptosis İn Cancer: From Pathogenesis To Treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2011; 30(1), 87.
• Workenhe S. T, Simmons G, Pol J. G, Lichty B. D, Halford W. P, Mossman K. L. Immunogenic HSV-mediated oncolysis shapes the antitumor immune response and contributes to therapeutic efficacy. Mol Ther. 2014; 22(1), 123-31.
• Wu H, Tschopp J, Lin S. Smac Mimetics And Tnfα: A Dangerous Liaison?. Cell. 2007; 131(4), 655-658.
• Wyllie A. H, Kerr J. F, Currie A. R. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis.Int. Rev. Cytol. 1980; 68, 251-306.
• Xie X, Zhao X, Liu Y, et al. Adenovirus-mediated tissue-targeted expression of a caspase-9-based artificial death switch for the treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2001; 61(18), 6795-6804.
• Xie Y, Kang R, Tang D. Chapter 2 - Role of the Beclin 1 Network in the Cross-Regulation Between Autophagy and Apoptosis. Editor: M.A. Hayat, Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging,Academic Press. 2016; 75-88.
• Yagolovich A. V, Artykov A. A, Dolgikh D. A, et al. Adenovirus-mediated tissue-targeted expression of a caspase-9-based artificial death switch for the treatment of prostate cancer. Biochemistry (Moscow). (84), 2019; 627-636.
• Yamada H, Tada-Oikawa S, Uchida A, Kawanishi S. TRAIL causes cleavage of bid by caspase-8 and loss mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in apoptosis in BJAB cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 256(1), 130-133.
• Yoon K.W, Byun S, Kwon E, et al. Control of Signaling-Mediated Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by the Tumor Suppressor P53. Sci. 2015; (80). 349(6247).
• Zhang L, Fang B. Mechanisms Of Resistance To Traıl-İnduced Apoptosis İn Cancer. Cancer Gene Therapy. 2005; (12), 228-237.
• Zhao X. Y, Wang X. Y, We Q. Y, Xu Y. M, Lau A. T. Y. et al. Potency and Selectivity of SMAC/DIABLO Mimetics in Solid Tumor Therapy. Cells. 2020; 9(4), 1012.
• Zhu H, Yang K, Xie Y, Lin Y. W, Mao Q. Q, Xie L. P. et al. Silencing Of Mutant P53 By Sirna İnduces Cell Cycle Arrest And Apoptosis İn Human Bladder Cancer Cells. World J Surg Oncol. 2013; (11), 22.