ETNO-DİNSEL KİMLİKLERİN PSİKO-KÜLTÜREL DİNAMİKLERİ: TÜRKİYE’DE ALEVİ KİMLİĞİ UYANIŞININ DUYGUSAL BOYUTLARI

Abstract

Korku, aşağılanma ve mağduriyet gibi kolektif duyguları etkileyen önemli tarihsel dönemler,kolektif dramlar ve özellikle de olumsuz kolektif deneyimler hakkındaki popüler anlatılar, etnikve dini kimlikler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların önemli birer boyutudur. Katliamlar, savaşlar,büyük çaplı şiddet gösterileri ve aşağılayıcı kolektif deneyimler hakkındaki ortak anlatılarda büyük kimlik gruplarının oluşmasında ve sürdürülmesinde önemli roller oynamaktadır.Etno-dinsel kimliklerinin duygusal etkenleri olan “yâd etme” ya da “yeniden üretme” dinamikleribu çalışmanın araştırma konusudur. Bu çalışma, keder/mağduriyet, korku ve aşağılanmagibi bireysel ve kolektif duyguların birbirleri ile nasıl bir etkileşim içerisinde olduğunuve 1980 sonrası Türkiye’si bağlamında Alevi kimliğinin müzakeresi sürecini nasıl etkilediğiniincelemektedir. Aşağılayıcı deneyimleri konu alan bireysel ve kolektif Alevi anlatıları, yaygınbir şekilde paylaşılan grup anlatıları ve yaşam öyküleri aracılığı ile araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma;ötekileştirilmiş gruplara ait bireylerin yaşam öykülerindeki dönüm noktalarının, aşağılanma,korku, mağduriyet ve öfke gibi bireysel deneyimleri yaygın şekilde paylaşılan kolektiföyküler ile bağdaştırma/yeniden bağlama konusunda önemli bir rol oynadığını savunmaktadır.Marc Howard Ross’un geliştirdiği “psiko-kültürel anlatılar” ve “psiko-kültürel yorumlamalar”kavramları, kolektif duygulara ait Alevi anlatıların analizinde kullanılmıştır. Alevivatandaşların korkularını ve endişelerini somutlaştıran cisimleştiren “kötü adam” örneklerüzerine özellikle yoğunlaşarak mağduriyet hikâye anlatıları incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmayaait kuramsal varsayımlar ve bulgular; Türkiye’de ve Irak, Lübnan, Pakistan ve hatta Kuzeyİrlanda gibi diğer etnik ve mezhep topluluklarında var olan Alevi toplumlarının kimliklerineilişkin hoşnutsuzluklarının altında yatan sebeplere de ışık tutmaktadır.

Keywords

• Alevi kimliği, psiko-kültürel dramalar, anlatı, aşağılanma, mağduriyet, kolektif duygular

PSYCHOCULTURAL DYNAMICS OF ETHO-RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES: UNDERSTANDING THE EMOTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF ALEVI IDENTITY REVIVAL IN TURKEY

Abstract

Popular discourses on significant historical episodes, collective dramas and especially the negative collective experiences that affect the collective emotions such as fear, humiliation and victimhood, are important dimensions of studies on ethno-religious identities. Shared narratives on massacres, wars, massive scale violence and humiliating collective experiences play roles in the formation and the maintenance of large group identities. The “remembrance” or “reproduction” of the emotional elements of ethno-religious identities is the research focus of this study. This study investigates the ways through which the personal and collective emotions such as grief/victimhood, fear and humiliation, interact with each other and influence the Alewi identity negotiation process within the context of post 1980 Turkey. Alewi personal and collective narratives on humiliating experiences are explored through life stories as well as widely shared group narratives. This study argues that the turning points in life stories of the individuals, who belong to the marginalized groups, play significant roles in connecting/ reconnecting the personal experience of humiliation, fear, victimization and anger with the widely shared collective dramas. Marc Howard Ross’ notions of “psychocultural dramas” and “psycho-cultural interpretations” are used to analyze Alewi narratives on collective emotions. Narratives on the victimhood stories are examined with specific focus on the archetypes of “villains” that embody fears and worries of Alewi citizens

Keywords

• Alewi identity, psycho-cultural dramas, humiliation, victimhood, collective emotions, narrative

References

1. AYDIN, E. (2007). Kimlik mücadelesinde Alevilik. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
2. BAR-TAL, l. (2000). Shared Beliefs in a Society: Social Psychological Analysis. Thous and Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3. BAR-TAL, D. (2007). Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Be- havioral Scientist 50(11): 1430-1453.
4. BAR-TAL, D, HALPERIN, E., and DE RIVEra, J. (2007). Collective emotions in conflict situations: Societal mplications. Journal of Social Issues 63(2): 441–460.
5. BAR-TAL, D., CHERNYAK-HAI, L., SCHORI, N., and GUNDAR, A. (2009). A Sense of Self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 91, no. 874: 229–258.
6. BURR, V. (1995). An introduction to social constructionism. London: Routledge.
7. ÇAHA, Ö. (2004). The Role of the media in the revival of Alevi identity in Turkey. Social Identities 10(3): 325-338.
8. ÇAMUROĞLU, R. (1997). “Some notes on the contemporary process of restructuring Ale- vilik in Turkey”. Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East: Collected papers of the international symposium “Alevism in Turkey and comparable Syncretistic religious com- munities in the Near East in the past and present”. Berlin, 14-17 April 1995. Eds. Krisztina KehlBodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, and Anke Otter-Beaujean, Leiden: Brill: 25-34.

9. COBB, S. (2006). Developmental approach to turning points: ‘Irony’ as an ethics for negoti- ation pragmatics. Harvard Negotiation Law Review 11: 147-197.
10. COBB, S. (2004). Humiliation as positions in narratives: Implications for policy development. Unpublished Manuscript, George Mason University.
11. DRESSLER, M. (2008). Religio-secular metamorphoses: The re-making of Turkish Ale- vism. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 76(2): 280-311.
12. GOLDMAN, J.S., and Coleman, P.T. (2005). How humiliation fuels intractable conflict: The effects of emotional roles on recall and reactions to conflictual encounters. New York: Inter- national Center for Cooperation & Conflict Resolution, Teachers College, Columbia University.
13. HINCHMAN, L.P., and HINCHMAN, S.K. (1997). Memory, community, identity: The idea of narrative in the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
14. HUYSE, L. (2003). “The process of reconciliation”. Reconciliation after violent conflict: A handbook. Eds. David Bloomfield, Teresa Barnes, and Luc Huyse. Stockholm: Interna- tional Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
15. KEHL-BODROGI, K. (1996). Tarih mitosu ve kollektif kimlik. Birikim 88: 52-63.
16. KELMAN, H,C. (1997). Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict. Peace- making in international conflict: Methods and techniques. Ed. I.W. Zartman. Washington D.C.: USIP Press: 191–236.
17. KÖSE, T. (2010). The AKP and the Alevi opening: Understanding the dynamics of the, rapprochement. Insight Turkey 12(2): 142-164.
18. LEARY, K. (2004). Critical moments as relational comments: The centre for humanitarian dialogue and the conflict in Aceh, Indonesia. Negotiation Journal 20(2): 311-338.
19. LIEBLICH, A., TUVAL-MASHIACH, R., and ZILBER, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, Analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
20. LINDNER, E. (2006). Making enemies: Humiliation and international conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.
21. LINDNER, E.G. (2001). Humiliation-trauma that has been overlooked: An analysis based on fieldwork in Germany, Rwanda/Burundi, and Somalia. Traumatology 7(1): 43.
22. LINDNER, E.G. (2002). Healing the cycles of humiliation: How to attend to the emotional Aspects of ‘unsolvable’ conflicts and the use of ‘humiliation entrepreneurship’. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8(2): 125–138.
23. LINDNER, E.G., WALSH, N.R., and KURİANSKY, J. (2006). “Humiliation or dignity in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict”. Terror in the holy land: Inside the anguish of the Israeli-Pal- estinian conflict. Ed. Judy Kuriansky. Westport: Praeger Publishers: 99-107.
24. MASSICARD, E. (2007). Alevi hareketinin siyasallaşması. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
25. MONTVILLE, J.V. (1993). “The healing function in political conflict resolution”. Conflict resolution theory and practice: Integration and application. Ed. Dennis J. D. Sandole. Manc- hester: Manchester University Press: 112–127.
26. MONTVILLE, J.V. (2006). “Reconciliation as realpolitik: Facing the burdens of history in political conflict resolution”. Identity, morality, and threat: Studies in violent conflict. eds. Daniel Rothbart and Karina V. Korostelina. Lexington Books: 367-396.
27. PIR SULTAN ABDAL: KÜLTÜR SANAT DERGISI. (Temmuz 2006). 62 (Sivas Olayları- nın 13. Yılı Özel Sayısı).
28. PROPP, V. (1968). Morphology of the folktale: Second Edition, (Translated by Laurence Scott). Texas: University of Texas Press.
29. PUTNAM, L.L. (2004). Transformations and critical moments in negotiations. Negotiation Journal 20(2): 275-295.
30. ROSS, M.H. (1997). The relevance of culture for the study of political psychology and eth- nic conflict. Political Psychology 18(2): 299-326.
31. ROSS, M.H. (2001). Psychocultural Interpretations and Dramas: Identity Dynamics in Eth- nic Conflict. Political Psychology 22(1): 157-178.
32. ROSS, M.H. (2007). Cultural contestation in ethnic conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press.
33. ROTHBART, D., and BARTLETT, T. (2008). “Rwandan radio broadcasts and Hutu/Tutsi positioning”. Global conflict resolution through positioning analysis. Eds. Fathali Moghad- dam, Rom Harré, and Naomi Lee. Springer: 227-246. SCHWANDT, T.A. (2002). “Tra- versing the terrain of role identity and self.” Exploring evaluator role and identity. Eds. Kat- herine E. Ryan and Thomas A. Schwandt. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
34. SHKEDI, A. (2005). Multiple case narrative: A qualitative approach to studying multiple popu- lations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
35. SÖKEFELD, M. (2008). Struggling for recognition: The Alevi movement in Germany and in transnational space. Berghahn Books.
36. TURNER, V. (1975). Dramas, fields, and metaphors: Symbolic action in human society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
37. VAN BRUINESSEN, M. (1996). Kurds, Turks and the Alevi revival in Turkey. Middle East Report 200: 7-10.
38. VOLKAN, V.D. (1990). “Psychoanalytic aspects of ethnic conflicts”. Conflict and peacemak- ing in multiethnic societies. Ed. Joseph V. Montville. Lexington MA: Lexington Books: 81–92.
39. VOLKAN, V.D. (2001). Transgenerational transmissions and chosen traumas: An aspect of large-group identity. Group Analysis 34(1): 79-97.
40. VOLKAN, V.D. (1998). Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. Basic Books.
41. VORHOFF, K. (2003). “The past in the future: Discourses on the Alevis in contemporary Turkey”. Turkey’s Alevi enigma: A comprehensive overview. Paul J. White and Joost Jonger- den. Leiden: Brill: 93-110.
42. WOHL, M.J.A., and BraNSCOMBE, N.R. (2008). Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology 94(6): 988-1006.