Research Article

RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD

Number: 114 June 22, 2025
EN TR

RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD

Abstract

The pilgrimage, holds significant religious importance in Islam and serves as a vital factor in the political, economic, and social development of states. It acts as an institutional structure that unites Muslims from diverse cultures and languages. In the 19th century, Hajj was a crucial link between the people of Turkestan, under Tsarist Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. Despite political separations, the pilgrimage maintained relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkestan region. This study delves into the history of the Hajj pilgrimage by Kazakh Turks through Ottoman lands, highlighting the religious connections between the Ottoman Empire and Turkestan. The period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century is particularly significant for evaluating the political, diplomatic, and cultural ties between the Ottoman Empire and the Kazakh Turks. During this time, the number of Kazakh pilgrims increased, driven by various factors. The pilgrimage of Kazakh Turks through Ottoman territories raised suspicions in Tsarist Russia, leading to persecution of Ottoman citizens who traded in Kazakh lands and encouraged pilgrimage. This historical analysis draws on data from the Kazakhstan Central Archive, providing insights into the pilgrimage routes and the support offered by the Ottoman Sultan to Turkestan pilgrims. The article covers multiple aspects: the religious ties between the Ottoman Empire and Turkestan, Tsarist Russia's laws on pilgrimage, pilgrimage routes, Turkestan lodges in Istanbul, contributions to the Hejaz Railway's construction, and the Ottoman Sultan's aid to Turkestan pilgrims. Additionally, it explores Tsarist Russia's smear campaigns against Ottoman Turks in Kazakhstan, the impact of Russian expansion in the 19th century, and the political significance of the Hejaz Railway for ensuring pilgrimage safety. The study relies on documents from the Kazakhstan Archive, systematically scanned and categorized by subject, to present a comprehensive view of these historical events and their implications.

Keywords

References

  1. Ayyıldız Nigar. II.Abdülhamid Dönemi Saray Merasimleri, İstanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi, 2008.
  2. Belgelerle Osmanlı-Türkitan İlişkileri (XVI-XX Yüzyıllar), Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Gen.., 2005.
  3. Beyoğlu S. “Milli Mücadele ve Özbekler Tekkesi”, Üsküdar Sempozyumu I: 23-25 Mayıs 2003
  4. Bildiriler, Haz.Zekeriya Kurşun ve Diğerleri, İstanbul, Üsküdar Belediyesi, 2004.
  5. Çoban Dilek. “II.Abdülhamid Dönemi Osmanlı Arşiv Belgeleri ve Basınında Türkistan”, Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012.
  6. Gülsoy Ufuk. William Ochsenwald, “Hicaz Demiryolu”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2007.
  7. Eleukenov Sh ve Shalgynbayeva Zh. Kazak kitabynyn tarihy. Almaty: Sanat.1999.
  8. Eroğlu Ş.M. Ottoman Pilgrim-Stations in the 17th Century: The Sample of Tuhfetü’l-Huccâc as the Booklet of Hajj Ali Beg, Chamberlain of Clerk of the Daybooks Ibrahim Effendi. Akademik Bakış, Cilt 13, Sayı 26 Yaz, 2020.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

History of Central Asia, Turkish Society and Community

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 22, 2025

Submission Date

January 29, 2024

Acceptance Date

October 11, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Number: 114

APA
Ospanova, A., & Shorayev, B. (2025). RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD. Türk Kültürü Ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 114, 351-366. https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348
AMA
1.Ospanova A, Shorayev B. RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi. 2025;(114):351-366. doi:10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348
Chicago
Ospanova, Akmaral, and Baglan Shorayev. 2025. “RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD”. Türk Kültürü Ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, nos. 114: 351-66. https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348.
EndNote
Ospanova A, Shorayev B (June 1, 2025) RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 114 351–366.
IEEE
[1]A. Ospanova and B. Shorayev, “RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, no. 114, pp. 351–366, June 2025, doi: 10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348.
ISNAD
Ospanova, Akmaral - Shorayev, Baglan. “RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi. 114 (June 1, 2025): 351-366. https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348.
JAMA
1.Ospanova A, Shorayev B. RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi. 2025;:351–366.
MLA
Ospanova, Akmaral, and Baglan Shorayev. “RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD”. Türk Kültürü Ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, no. 114, June 2025, pp. 351-66, doi:10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348.
Vancouver
1.Akmaral Ospanova, Baglan Shorayev. RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISTAN (DURING THE XIXth AND EARLY XXth CENTURIES): ISTANBUL AS A PILGRIMAGE ROAD. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi. 2025 Jun. 1;(114):351-66. doi:10.60163/tkhcbva.1427348

Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. This license permits the non-commercial reuse of an open-access article, provided that the original author is properly attributed.