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İsmaililer: Yanlış Tanıtılan Bir Şii Müslüman Topluluğu

Year 2022, Issue: 102, 11 - 26, 15.06.2022

Abstract

İsmaililer, On İki İmamcı veya İsnaaşeri Şiilerinden sonra ikinci en büyük Şii Müslüman topluluğu temsil eder. İslam’ın oluşum dönemine kadar uzanan olaylı ve karmaşık bir tarihleri vardır. Uzun tarihleri boyunca, İsmaililer bir dizi büyük kollara ve küçük gruplara ayrıldılar. Bununla birlikte, 5./11. yüzyılın sonundan beri, Güney Asya’da sırasıyla Hocalar ve Bohralar olarak adlandırılan Nizariler ve
Musta’li-Tayyibiler olmak üzere iki ana kol olarak var olmuşlardır. Halihazırda İsmaililer, Asya, Orta Doğu, Afrika, Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika’nın yaklaşık otuz ülkesine dini azınlıklar olarak dağılmış durumda. Sayıları birkaç milyon olan bu topluluklar aynı zamanda çeşitli etnik grupları, kültürel ve edebi gelenekleri temsil eder ve çeşitli dilleri konuşurlar. Sürekli bir İmamlar veya manevi liderler çizgisine sahip olan Nizari İsmaililer, şimdi Prens Kerim Ağa Han’ı 49. İmamları olarak kabul ederken, Musta’li-Tayyibi İsmaililerin İmamları 524/1130’dan beri gizli kalmış ve onların yokluğunda dailer veya en yüksek otoriteye sahip temsilciler bu topluluğa önderlik etmiştir.

References

  • al-Baghdadi, Abu Mansur ʿAbd al-Qahir b. Tahir. al-Farq bayn al-firaq, ed. M. Badr, Cairo: 1328/1910, pp. 265-299.
  • Bobrinskiy, Aleksey A. ‘Sekta Ismailiya v Russkikh i Bukharskikh predelakh Sredney Azii’ [The Ismaili Sect in Russian and Bukharan Central Asia], Étnograficheskoe Obozrenie, 2 (1902), pp. 1–20.
  • Casanova, Paul. ‘Monnaie des Assassins de Perse’, Revue Numismatique, 11 (1893), pp. 343–352.
  • Cortese, D. Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts: The Zahid ʿAli Collection in the Library of The Institute of Ismaili Studies. London: 2003.
  • Daftary, Farhad. ‘ʿAbd Allah b. Maymun al-Qaddah’, in W. Madelung and F. Daftary, ed., Encyclopaedia Islamica. Leiden: 2008, vol. 1, pp. 167-169.
  • Daftary, Farhad. “Sinan and the Nizari Ismailis of Syria”, in Daniela Bredi et al., ed., Scritti in onore di Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti. reprinted in Daftary, Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions, pp. 238-247. Rome: 2008, vol. 2, pp. 489-500.
  • Daftary, Farhad. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies. London: 2004.
  • de Blois, F. Arabic, Persian and Gujarati Manuscripts: The Hamdani Collection in the Library of The Institute of Ismaili Studies. London: 2011.
  • de Goeje, Michael J. Mémoire sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les Fatimides. Leiden: 1862; 2nd. ed., Leiden: 1886.
  • de Smet, Daniel. ‘Henry Corbin et études Ismaéliennes’, in M. A. Amir-Moezzi et al., ed., Henry Corbin, Philosophe et sagesses des religions du livre. Turnhout: 2005, pp. 105–118.
  • Fyzee, Asaf A. A. Cases in the Muhammadan Law of India and Pakistan. Oxford: 1965, pp. 504–549.
  • al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad. Fadaʾih al-Batiniyya wa-fadaʾil al-Mustazhiriyya, ed. ʿAbd al-Rahman Badawi. Cairo: 1964, pp. 21-36.
  • Guyard, Stanislas. ed. and tr., Fragments rélatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs. Paris: 1874.
  • Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Ismaʿilis against the Islamic World. The Hague: 1955; reprinted, New York: 1980; reprinted, Philadelphia: 2005.
  • Ibn al-Nadim, Kitab al-Fihrist, ed. G. Flügel. Leipzig: 1871-1872, vol. 1, pp. 186- 187; ed. M. R. Tajaddud, 2nd ed., Tehran: 1973, pp. 238-239.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. Brief Survey of the Evolution of Ismailism. Leiden: 1952.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliographical Survey. Tehran: 1963.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. A Guide to Ismaili Literature. London: 1933.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. The Alleged Founder of Ismailism. Bombay: 1946.
  • Mitha, Farouk. Al-Ghazali and the Ismailis: A Debate on Reason and Authority in Medieval Islam. London: 2001.
  • Niẓām al-Mulk. The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al-muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk. Tr. H. Darke. 2d ed., London; Boston: 1978, p. 231.
  • O’Leary, De Lacy Evans. A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate. London: 1923.
  • Polo, Marco. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, ed. and tr. H. Yule, 3rd revised ed. by H. Cordier. London: 1929, vol. 1, pp. 139-146.
  • Poonawala, Ismail K. Biobibliography of Ismaʿili Literature. Malibu, CA: 1977.
  • Purohit, T. The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India. Cambridge: MA, 2012.
  • Silvestre de Sacy, A.I. Exposé de la religion des Druzes. Paris: 1838, vol. 1, pp. 1–246.
  • Stroeva, L. V. Gosudarstvo ismailitov v Irane v XI-XIII vv [The Ismaili State in Iran in the 11-13th Centuries]. Moscow: 1978.
  • van Berchem, Max. ‘Épigraphie des Assassins de Syrie’, Journal Asiatique, 9 series, 9 (1897), pp. 453–501; reprinted in his Opera Minora. Geneva: 1978, pp. 453–501; also reprinted in Turner, Orientalism, vol. I, pp. 279–309.
  • Walker, Paul E. ‘Institute of Ismaili Studies’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, (2002) vol. 12, pp. 164-166.

The Ismailis: A Misrepresented Shiʿi Muslim Community

Year 2022, Issue: 102, 11 - 26, 15.06.2022

Abstract

The Ismailis represent the second largest Shiʿi Muslim community, after the Twelver or Ithnaʿashari Shiʿis. They have had an eventful and complex history dating back to the formative period of Islam. In the course of their long history, the Ismailis became subdivided into a number of major branches and minor groupings. However, since the end of the 5th/11th century, they have existed in terms of two main branches, the Nizaris and the Mustaʿli-Tayyibis, designated respectively as Khojas and Bohras in South Asia. Currently, the Ismailis are scattered as religious minorities in some thirty countries of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and North America. Numbering several millions, they also represent a diversity of ethnic groups, cultural and literary traditions, and speak a variety of languages. The Nizari Ismailis, who have had a continuous line of Imams or spiritual leaders, now acknowledge Prince Karim Aga Khan IV as their 49th Imam while the Imams of the Mustaʿli-Tayyibi Ismailis have remained in concealment since 524/1130, and

References

  • al-Baghdadi, Abu Mansur ʿAbd al-Qahir b. Tahir. al-Farq bayn al-firaq, ed. M. Badr, Cairo: 1328/1910, pp. 265-299.
  • Bobrinskiy, Aleksey A. ‘Sekta Ismailiya v Russkikh i Bukharskikh predelakh Sredney Azii’ [The Ismaili Sect in Russian and Bukharan Central Asia], Étnograficheskoe Obozrenie, 2 (1902), pp. 1–20.
  • Casanova, Paul. ‘Monnaie des Assassins de Perse’, Revue Numismatique, 11 (1893), pp. 343–352.
  • Cortese, D. Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts: The Zahid ʿAli Collection in the Library of The Institute of Ismaili Studies. London: 2003.
  • Daftary, Farhad. ‘ʿAbd Allah b. Maymun al-Qaddah’, in W. Madelung and F. Daftary, ed., Encyclopaedia Islamica. Leiden: 2008, vol. 1, pp. 167-169.
  • Daftary, Farhad. “Sinan and the Nizari Ismailis of Syria”, in Daniela Bredi et al., ed., Scritti in onore di Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti. reprinted in Daftary, Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions, pp. 238-247. Rome: 2008, vol. 2, pp. 489-500.
  • Daftary, Farhad. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies. London: 2004.
  • de Blois, F. Arabic, Persian and Gujarati Manuscripts: The Hamdani Collection in the Library of The Institute of Ismaili Studies. London: 2011.
  • de Goeje, Michael J. Mémoire sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les Fatimides. Leiden: 1862; 2nd. ed., Leiden: 1886.
  • de Smet, Daniel. ‘Henry Corbin et études Ismaéliennes’, in M. A. Amir-Moezzi et al., ed., Henry Corbin, Philosophe et sagesses des religions du livre. Turnhout: 2005, pp. 105–118.
  • Fyzee, Asaf A. A. Cases in the Muhammadan Law of India and Pakistan. Oxford: 1965, pp. 504–549.
  • al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad. Fadaʾih al-Batiniyya wa-fadaʾil al-Mustazhiriyya, ed. ʿAbd al-Rahman Badawi. Cairo: 1964, pp. 21-36.
  • Guyard, Stanislas. ed. and tr., Fragments rélatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs. Paris: 1874.
  • Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Ismaʿilis against the Islamic World. The Hague: 1955; reprinted, New York: 1980; reprinted, Philadelphia: 2005.
  • Ibn al-Nadim, Kitab al-Fihrist, ed. G. Flügel. Leipzig: 1871-1872, vol. 1, pp. 186- 187; ed. M. R. Tajaddud, 2nd ed., Tehran: 1973, pp. 238-239.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. Brief Survey of the Evolution of Ismailism. Leiden: 1952.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliographical Survey. Tehran: 1963.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. A Guide to Ismaili Literature. London: 1933.
  • Ivanow, Wladimir. The Alleged Founder of Ismailism. Bombay: 1946.
  • Mitha, Farouk. Al-Ghazali and the Ismailis: A Debate on Reason and Authority in Medieval Islam. London: 2001.
  • Niẓām al-Mulk. The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al-muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk. Tr. H. Darke. 2d ed., London; Boston: 1978, p. 231.
  • O’Leary, De Lacy Evans. A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate. London: 1923.
  • Polo, Marco. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, ed. and tr. H. Yule, 3rd revised ed. by H. Cordier. London: 1929, vol. 1, pp. 139-146.
  • Poonawala, Ismail K. Biobibliography of Ismaʿili Literature. Malibu, CA: 1977.
  • Purohit, T. The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India. Cambridge: MA, 2012.
  • Silvestre de Sacy, A.I. Exposé de la religion des Druzes. Paris: 1838, vol. 1, pp. 1–246.
  • Stroeva, L. V. Gosudarstvo ismailitov v Irane v XI-XIII vv [The Ismaili State in Iran in the 11-13th Centuries]. Moscow: 1978.
  • van Berchem, Max. ‘Épigraphie des Assassins de Syrie’, Journal Asiatique, 9 series, 9 (1897), pp. 453–501; reprinted in his Opera Minora. Geneva: 1978, pp. 453–501; also reprinted in Turner, Orientalism, vol. I, pp. 279–309.
  • Walker, Paul E. ‘Institute of Ismaili Studies’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, (2002) vol. 12, pp. 164-166.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies, Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Farhad Daftary 0000-0002-2140-3963

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date May 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 102

Cite

ISNAD Daftary, Farhad. “The Ismailis: A Misrepresented Shiʿi Muslim Community”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 102 (June 2022), 11-26.

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