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Sovyetler Döneminde Sufiliğin Rejime Karşı Direnişinin İncelenmesi 1922-1991

Year 2021, Issue: 98, 65 - 76, 01.06.2021

Abstract

Giriş bölümünde tasavvufu dile getiren Bennigsen, Rahman, Froese gibi seçkin bilim adamlarının Sovyet rejimi altında geleneksel İslam’ı korumadaki temel rolünün altını çizen ana konular ele alınır. Yazar, mevcut araştırmalarda İslam’ın korunmasına ilişkin farklı açıklamaları dikkate alarak, İslam karşıtı kampanyanın şiddetli zulmüne rağmen İslam’ın temel değerlerini korurken tarikat mensuplarının İslam’ı korumadaki rolüne vurgu yapıyor. Bu makale, çalışma sırasında nesnel, tarafsız ilkelere bağlı kalarak, aynı zamanda kendisinden sonraki araştırmalar için temel oluşturur. Araştırma, İslam’a düşman olan Sovyet rejimi döneminde Orta Asya’da tarikat mensuplarının İslam’ı korumadaki rolünü ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Böylece tasavvufun Sovyet rejimine karşı direnişi incelenerek tasavvufun İslam’ı korumadaki katkısı analiz edilecektir. Bu çalışma, araştırma boyunca ileri sürülen iddiayı doğrulamak için, çoğunlukla, 1930-1989 yılları arasında Orta Asya’da tasavvufun rolü üzerine kapsamlı araştırmalar yapan Bennigsen’in araştırmasından elde edilen mevcut ikincil materyallerden yararlanacaktır. Çalışmada, tarikat mensuplarının rolünü değerlendirmede tarihsel yöntem kullanılacaktır. Böylelikle ilk bölümde, Keller’in vaka çalışmaları ve Bennigsen’in incelenmesi ile İslam’ın korunmasında yer altı camilerinin ve kutsal mekânların rolü anlatılacaktır. Bunun ardından İslami eğitimin sürdürülmesinde ana sorumluluğu üstlenen Müslüman din adamlarının rolü analiz edilecektir. Son bölümde ise tasavvufun komünist rejime direnirken uyguladıkları uyum ve hoşgörü gibi ahlaki erdemler vurgulanacaktır

References

  • Bennigsen, Alexandre & Quelquejay, C.Lemercier. (1978). “Muslim Religious Conservatism and Dissent in the USSR”. Religion in Communist Lands 6 (3), 153-161.
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre. (1983) ‘Sufism in the USSR: A Bibliography of Soviet Sources’. Central Asian Survey 2(4), 81-107.
  • -. (1988). “Unrest in the World of Soviet Islam”. Third World Quarterly, 10(2), 770- 786.
  • Broxup, Marie. (1987). “Islam in Central Asia Since Gorbachev”. Asian Affairs 18(3), 283-293.
  • Collins, Kathleen. (2003). “To Moscow, not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia 1917-1941”. Political Science Quarterly. 118(1), 160- 162.
  • Froese, Paul. (2005). ““I am an Atheist and a Muslim”: Islam, Communism, and Ideological Competition”. Journal of Church and State. 47(3), 473-501.
  • Keller, Shoshana. (1992). “Islam in Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1930: Soviet Policy and the Struggle for Control”. Central Asian Survey, 11(1), 25-50.
  • Kemper, Michael. (2009). “The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933”. Die Welt des Islams. 49(1), 1-48.
  • Lipovsky, Igor. (1996). “The Awakening of Central Asian Islam”. Middle  Eastern  Studies, 32(3), 1-21.
  • Malashenko, Alexei V. (1993). Islam  Versus  Communism:  The  Experience  of  Coexistence.  In  Eickelman  Dale  F.  (ed.). Russia’s Muslim Frontiers. New Directions in Cross-cultural Analysis. Bloomington: Indian University press
  • Nurmatov, Zhakhangir. (2019). “Rus Oryantalist Klimoviç’in Kur’an Çerçevesindeki Çalışmaları”. Bilig–Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 89, 193-214.
  • Tasar, Eren. (2018). “Sufism on the Soviet stage: Holy people and Places in Central Asia’s Socio-Political Landscape after World War II”. Sufism in Central Asia, 256-283.
  • Quelquejay, C. Lemercier. (1983). “Sufi Brotherhoods in the USSR: A Historical Survey”. Central Asian Survey 2(4), 1-35.
  • Rahman, Fazlur. (1979). “Evolution of Soviet Policy Toward Muslims in Russia: 1917–1965”. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 1(2), 28-46.
  • Rakowska‐Harmstone, Teresa. (1983). “Islam and Nationalism: Central Asia and Kazakhstan Under Soviet Rule”. Central Asian Survey 2(2), 7-87.
  • Ro’i Yaacov & Alon Wainer. (2009). “Muslim Identity and Islamic Practice in Post- Soviet Central Asia”. Central Asian Survey 28(3), 303-322.
  • Sartori, Paolo. (2010). “Towards a History of the Muslims’ Soviet Union: A View from Central Asia”. Die Welt des Islams 50(3/4), 315-334.
  • Shahrani M. Nazif. (1994). “Islam and the Political Culture of “Scientific atheism” in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Future Predicament”. Islamic Studies 2(3), 139- 159.
  • Wheeler, Geoffrey. (1977). “Islam and the Soviet Union”. Middle  Eastern  Studies 13(1), 40-49.
  • Wimbush, S.Enders. (1984) ‘The Politics of Identity Change in Soviet Central Asia’. Central Asian Survey 3(3), 69-78.
  • -. (1985). “Soviet Muslims in the 1980s”. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal 6(1), 152-166.

An Examinationn of Sufism's Resistance Against The Regime in The Soviet Period 1922-1991

Year 2021, Issue: 98, 65 - 76, 01.06.2021

Abstract

Abstract Islam consists of three parts – first, faith; second, practice; and finally, Ihsan or ahlak, that is, ethics or morals. Sufism profoundly engages with the third part of Islam. In other words, it deals with the inner part of human beings. The goal of this research is to demonstrate that the persistence of Islam in Central Asia is due to the incredible, though nearly invisible, work of Sufi brotherhoods. Therefore, the role of Sufism in preserving Islam will be examined by analysing how Sufis resisted the communist regime. This research will utilise the historical method in analysing the role of Sufi brotherhoods. The first section will deal with the role of underground mosques and sacred sites in preserving Islam by illustrating the case studies of Keller and the analysis of Bennigsen. The second part will examine Islamic education and the role of mullahs who have undertaken the main responsibility in keeping Islamic education alive. The final section will focus on the moral qualities of Sufism, such as submissiveness and subservience, which were helpful in resisting the communist regime.

References

  • Bennigsen, Alexandre & Quelquejay, C.Lemercier. (1978). “Muslim Religious Conservatism and Dissent in the USSR”. Religion in Communist Lands 6 (3), 153-161.
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre. (1983) ‘Sufism in the USSR: A Bibliography of Soviet Sources’. Central Asian Survey 2(4), 81-107.
  • -. (1988). “Unrest in the World of Soviet Islam”. Third World Quarterly, 10(2), 770- 786.
  • Broxup, Marie. (1987). “Islam in Central Asia Since Gorbachev”. Asian Affairs 18(3), 283-293.
  • Collins, Kathleen. (2003). “To Moscow, not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia 1917-1941”. Political Science Quarterly. 118(1), 160- 162.
  • Froese, Paul. (2005). ““I am an Atheist and a Muslim”: Islam, Communism, and Ideological Competition”. Journal of Church and State. 47(3), 473-501.
  • Keller, Shoshana. (1992). “Islam in Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1930: Soviet Policy and the Struggle for Control”. Central Asian Survey, 11(1), 25-50.
  • Kemper, Michael. (2009). “The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933”. Die Welt des Islams. 49(1), 1-48.
  • Lipovsky, Igor. (1996). “The Awakening of Central Asian Islam”. Middle  Eastern  Studies, 32(3), 1-21.
  • Malashenko, Alexei V. (1993). Islam  Versus  Communism:  The  Experience  of  Coexistence.  In  Eickelman  Dale  F.  (ed.). Russia’s Muslim Frontiers. New Directions in Cross-cultural Analysis. Bloomington: Indian University press
  • Nurmatov, Zhakhangir. (2019). “Rus Oryantalist Klimoviç’in Kur’an Çerçevesindeki Çalışmaları”. Bilig–Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 89, 193-214.
  • Tasar, Eren. (2018). “Sufism on the Soviet stage: Holy people and Places in Central Asia’s Socio-Political Landscape after World War II”. Sufism in Central Asia, 256-283.
  • Quelquejay, C. Lemercier. (1983). “Sufi Brotherhoods in the USSR: A Historical Survey”. Central Asian Survey 2(4), 1-35.
  • Rahman, Fazlur. (1979). “Evolution of Soviet Policy Toward Muslims in Russia: 1917–1965”. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 1(2), 28-46.
  • Rakowska‐Harmstone, Teresa. (1983). “Islam and Nationalism: Central Asia and Kazakhstan Under Soviet Rule”. Central Asian Survey 2(2), 7-87.
  • Ro’i Yaacov & Alon Wainer. (2009). “Muslim Identity and Islamic Practice in Post- Soviet Central Asia”. Central Asian Survey 28(3), 303-322.
  • Sartori, Paolo. (2010). “Towards a History of the Muslims’ Soviet Union: A View from Central Asia”. Die Welt des Islams 50(3/4), 315-334.
  • Shahrani M. Nazif. (1994). “Islam and the Political Culture of “Scientific atheism” in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Future Predicament”. Islamic Studies 2(3), 139- 159.
  • Wheeler, Geoffrey. (1977). “Islam and the Soviet Union”. Middle  Eastern  Studies 13(1), 40-49.
  • Wimbush, S.Enders. (1984) ‘The Politics of Identity Change in Soviet Central Asia’. Central Asian Survey 3(3), 69-78.
  • -. (1985). “Soviet Muslims in the 1980s”. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal 6(1), 152-166.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Turganbai Abdrassılov This is me

Zhakhangir Nurmatov This is me

Kainar Kaldybay This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 98

Cite

ISNAD Abdrassılov, Turganbai et al. “An Examinationn of Sufism’s Resistance Against The Regime in The Soviet Period 1922-1991”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 98 (June 2021), 65-76.

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