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The Search For Allies in The Khanate of Khiva Before The Russian Invasion: The Diplomatic Mission to Afghanistan and India (1872)

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

Ethical Statement

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this article and all studies utilized were mentioned in the references.

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

References

  • 1. Arşiv ve Kaynak Eserler
  • BRITISH DOCUMENTS ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • DUKE OF ARGYLL, The Afghan Question from 1841 to 1878, Strahan & Company Limited, London 1879.
  • HOBHOUSE, Mary, Letters From India 1872-1877, Printed for Private Circulation, 1906.
  • INDIA OFFICE, The India List Civil and Military. January 1888, W. H. Allen & Co., London 1888.
  • IOR/L/PS/5/271, “Letters from India (Secret Dept)”, Vol. 13.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA12, “Abstracts of Letters from India 1872”.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/G3/14, ‘A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries’.
  • JAMES, Hugh R., Report on the Settlement of the Peshawur District, Re-printed at the Dependent Press, Lahore 1865.
  • TNA, Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • TNA, Kew., Correspondence Respecting Central Asia 1869-1873. 1869-1873. (Government Papers), FO 539/9.
  • 2. Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • ABERIGH-MACKAY, G. R., Notes on Western Turkistan, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta 1875.
  • BECKER, Seymour, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968.
  • BURNABY, Fred, A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Cassel and Company Limited, London 1900.
  • CHESHIRE, Harold T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 37, Jul., 1934, ss. 85-97.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • EDWARDS, H. Sutherland, Russian Projects Against India from the Czar Peter to General Skobeleff, Remington & Co. Publishers, London 1885.
  • GAHAN, J. A. Mac, Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, London 1874.
  • HAYİT, Baymirza, Türkistan Rusya ile Çin Arasında, Almancadan Çeviren: Abdülkadir Sadak, Otağ Yayınları, Ankara 1975.
  • IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA, Vol. 20, New Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 1996, ss. 33-57.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • MOULTON, Edward C., Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration 1872-1876, Asia Publishing House, India 1968.
  • RAO, C. Hayavadana, (Ed.), The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915, Pillar & Co. Madras 1915.
  • ÖZKAN, Murat, Hive Hanlığı (1511-1920), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2022.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, “Hîve Hanlığı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 18, İstanbul 1998, ss. 167-170.
  • SARAY, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara 2003.
  • SCHMIDT, Emil, The Russian Expedition to Khiva in 1873, Tr. from the German by P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • STUMM, Hugo, The Russian Campaign Against Khiva in 1873, Part I, Tr. F. Henvey and P. Mosa, Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, J. M., Western Turkistan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States in Western Turkestan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1882.

Rus İşgali Öncesinde Hive Hanlığı’nda Müttefik Arayışları: Afganistan ve Hindistan’a Gönderilen Elçilik Heyeti (1872)

Year 2025, Issue: 54 , 245 - 268 , 29.11.2025
https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR

Abstract

19. yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya’nın Türkistan’daki yayılmacı politikasında Hive Hanlığı önemli bir yer teşkil ediyordu. Hanlık toprakları, batı Türkistan’da Hazar Denizi’nin doğusunda stratejik bir konumdaydı. Rusların Türkistan’da hakimiyet kurma sürecinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olan 1868’deki işgaller neticesinde Buhara ve Hokand hanlıklarının Rus himayesi altına girmeleri sonrasında Hive Hanlığı batı Türkistan’da tek bağımsız devlet olarak kaldı. Doğuda Türkistan’a, güneyde Afganistan’a ve dolayısıyla Hindistan’a uzanan en kısa rota olan Hive sahası üzerindeki Rus baskısı giderek arttı. 1869’da Hazar Denizi’nin doğu kıyısında Krasnovodsk limanının inşası sonrasında Rusların Hive topraklarında sıklaşan keşif seferleri ve askeri faaliyetleri karşısında Hive Hanı Muhammed Rahim Bahadır Han müttefik arayışlarına yöneldi. Bu nedenle 1872 yılında Afgan Emirliği ve İngiliz Hindistan’ı Genel Valiliği’ne elçi sıfatıyla Tuğrul Etvar Emînuddin Bey gönderildi. Rusların Türkistan’daki askeri operasyonlarının İngiliz çıkarlarıyla çatışmasından faydalanmak isteyen Hive Hanı, dış politikada İngilizlerle müttefik konumda bulunan Afgan Emirliği aracılığıyla İngiliz hükümetiyle ittifak kurmayı amaçlıyordu. Ancak 1872’de Afgan Emirliği’nin kuzey sınır hattı noktasında uzlaşmaya varan Rus ve İngiliz taraflarının barış süreci içerisinde olması İngilizlerin, Hive Hanı’nın ittifak talebini geri çevirmesine zemin hazırladı. Bu çalışmada, Muhammed Rahim Bahadır Han’ın elçisi Emînuddin Bey’in Afgan Emiri Şîr Ali Han ve İngiliz Hindistan Genel Valisi Lord Northbrook’la yaptığı görüşmeler ve bu görüşmelerin neticesinin Hive’nin Rusya tarafından 1873 yılında işgal edilmesi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu makalenin hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

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There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Central Asia
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Furkan Külünk 0000-0002-9844-283X

Submission Date April 16, 2025
Acceptance Date August 22, 2025
Publication Date November 29, 2025
IZ https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 54

Cite

MLA Külünk, Furkan. “Rus İşgali Öncesinde Hive Hanlığı’nda Müttefik Arayışları: Afganistan Ve Hindistan’a Gönderilen Elçilik Heyeti (1872)”. Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi, no. 54, Nov. 2025, pp. 245-68, https://izlik.org/JA86MH77SR.