Yapay Agregalarla Üretilen Betonların Sülfat Etkisinde Mekanik ve Mikroyapısal Özellikleri

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 183 - 196, 30.11.2025

İbrahim Torlak , Mahfuz Pekgöz

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, farklı kompozisyonlarda çelikhane cürufu (SS), granüle yüksek fırın cürufu (GBFS) ve öğütülmüş granüle yüksek fırın cürufunun (GGBFS) beton üretiminde kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Beton karışımlarında, ince agrega olarak GBFS ve iri agrega olarak SS kullanılarak doğal agregalar ile tamamen ikame edilmiştir. Ayrıca, GGBFS çimento ile ağırlıkça %0, %10, %20, %30 ve %40 oranlarında ikame edilerek kullanılmıştır. Doğal ve yapay agregalarla toplamda 10 farklı beton serisi üretilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar; kıvam deneyi, basınç dayanımı, ultrasonik ses geçiş hızı (UPV), beton test çekici deneyi, sülfat etkisi deneyi (%5 Na2SO4 ve %5 MgSO4 çözeltileri) ve mikroyapısal analizleri kapsamaktadır. Deney sonuçlarına göre, doğal agrega içeren beton numuneleriyle karşılaştırıldığında, GBFS ve SS agregaları ile üretilen betonların basınç dayanımları daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte hem doğal hem de yapay agrega içeren betonlarda çimentonun belirli oranlarda GGBFS ile ikame edilmesi basınç dayanımında artış sağlamıştır. Na2SO4 ve MgSO4 çözeltilerinde kür edilen beton numuneleri, standart koşullarda kür edilenlere göre daha yüksek basınç dayanımı göstermiş olup, en yüksek artış Na2SO4 çözeltisinde elde edilmiştir.

Keywords

Yapay agrega , çelikhane cürufu , sülfat etkisi , basınç dayanımı , mikroyapı analizi

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın yazarları olarak, herhangi bir kurum/kuruluş ya da kişi ile çıkar çatışması bulunmadığını beyan etmekteyiz.

Effects of Sulfate Exposure on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Concretes Produced with Artificial Aggregates

Abstract

This study investigates the usability of steel slag (SS), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in concrete production with different compositions. In the mixture, GBFS was used as fine aggregate and SS as coarse aggregate, thus fully replacing natural aggregates. Meanwhile, GGBFS was employed as a mineral admixture by partially substituting cement at rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% wt. A total of 10 different concrete series have been produced using natural and artificial aggregates. The experimental investigations encompassed a series of tests and assessments, including slump test, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), rebound hammer test, sulfate attack tests (utilizing 5% Na2SO4 and 5% MgSO4 solutions), and microstructural analyses. According to the experimental results, in comparison with concrete specimens comprising natural aggregates, concrete produced with GBFS and SS aggregates demonstrated reduced compressive strengths. However, the replacement of cement with GGBFS at specific ratios in both natural and artificial aggregate concretes resulted in an increase in compressive strength. Concrete specimens cured in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions exhibited higher compressive strength compared to those cured under standard conditions, with the highest increase observed in the Na2SO4 solution.

Keywords

Artificial aggregate , steel slag , sulfate effect , compressive strenght , microstructure analysis

Ethical Statement

As the authors of this study, we declare that we have no conflict of interest with any institution/organization or individual.

References

• N. Rojas, M. Bustamante, P. Muñoz, K. Godoy, and V. Letelier, "Study of properties and behavior of concrete containing EAF slag as coarse aggregate," Developments in the Built Environment, 14, 100137, 2023.
• İ. Teki̇n, T. Kotan, M. Yurdakul, and E. Öner, "Bayburt bölgesinde bulunan farklı agrega tipleri ile üretilen geleneksel betonların mekanik mukavemetleri üzerine bir çalışma," Politeknik Dergisi, 20(3), 513–518, 2017.
• P. Vu Hong Son, N. Van Nam, N. P. Tran, L. Le-Hoai, and T. D. Ngo, "Steel slag aggregate low-cement concrete: Engineering performance, microstructure and sustainability," Construction and Building Materials, 436, 136827, 2024.
• İ. Tekin, İ. Torlak, and M. Pekgöz, "Zeolitik tüf ve granül EPS kullanarak hafif duvar bloklarının üretilebilirliği," Türk Mühendislik Araştırma ve Eğitimi Dergisi, 3(2), 123-134, 2024.
• İ. Tekin, M. Y. Durgun, O. Gencel, T. Bilir, W. Brostow, and H. E. Hagg Lobland, "Concretes with synthetic aggregates for sustainability," Construction and Building Materials, 133, 425–432, 2017.
• B. M. A. Herki, A. I. Ali, Y. S. Smail, and K. M. Omer, "An innovative approach to enhancing concrete sustainability: Utilising unprocessed steel slag with low CaO and high SiO2 content," Buildings, 15(9), 1514, 2025.
• S. Azhagarsamy, N. Pannirselvam, J. Vanjinathan, R. Premkumar, and D. Vijayakumar, "Optimizing mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete with steel slag aggregate using response surface methodology," Results in Engineering, 27, 106885, 2025.
• M. F. Akhtar, A. Faraz, and A. Khitab, "Transforming concrete with steel slag: exploring the pores’ dual effect for sustainable and high−performance urban construction," Discov Civ Eng, 2(1), 81, 2025.
• Y. Guo, J. Xie, J. Zhao, and K. Zuo, "Utilization of unprocessed steel slag as fine aggregate in normal- and high-strength concrete," Construction and Building Materials, 204, 41–49, 2019.
• [Ch. Srinivasarao and S. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, "Study of standard grade concrete consisting of granulated blast furnace slag as a fine aggregate," Materials Today: Proceedings, 27, 859–865, 2020.
• A. Ahmed, "Assessing the effects of supplementary cementitious materials on concrete properties:a review," Discov Civ Eng, 1(1), 145, 2024.
• S. Saxena and A. R. Tembhurkar, "Impact of use of steel slag as coarse aggregate and wastewater on fresh and hardened properties of concrete," Construction and Building Materials, 165, 126–137, 2018.
• T. B. Mekonen, T. E. Alene, Y. A. Alem, and W. M. Nebiyu, "Influence of Steel Slag as a Partial Replacement of Aggregate on Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beam," Int J Concr Struct Mater, 18(1), 1–15, 2024.
• D. Shi, Q. Liu, X. Xue, and P. He, "Study on the durability of concrete using granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate," IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 322(2), 022025, 2018.
• N. Santillán, S. Speranza, J. M. Torrents, and I. Segura, "Evaluation of conductive concrete made with steel slag aggregates," Construction and Building Materials, 360, 129515, 2022.
• X. Cheng, W. Tian, J. Gao, and Y. Gao, "Performance evaluation and lifetime prediction of steel slag coarse aggregate concrete under sulfate attack," Construction and Building Materials, 344, 128203, 2022.
• L. C. B. Costa et al., "Mechanical and durability performance of concretes produced with steel slag aggregate and mineral admixtures," Construction and Building Materials, 318, 126152, 2022.
• O. A. Mohamed, O. Ghanam, A. Hamdan, M. Zuaiter, and T.-Y. Kim, "Mechanical properties and durability of concrete with recycled air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregates," Sci Rep, 15(1), 24384, 2025.
• V. Václavík, M. Ondová, T. Dvorský, A. Eštoková, M. Fabiánová, and L. Gola, "Sustainability Potential Evaluation of Concrete with Steel Slag Aggregates by the LCA Method," Sustainability, 12(23), 9873, 2020.
• E. Anastasiou, K. Georgiadis Filikas, and M. Stefanidou, "Utilization of fine recycled aggregates in concrete with fly ash and steel slag," Construction and Building Materials, 50, 154–161, 2014.
• W. Jing, J. Jiang, S. Ding, and P. Duan, "Hydration and Microstructure of Steel Slag as Cementitious Material and Fine Aggregate in Mortar," Molecules, 25(19), 4456, 2020.
• M. H. Lai, Z. H. Chen, Y. H. Wang, and J. C. M. Ho, "Effect of fillers on the mechanical properties and durability of steel slag concrete," Construction and Building Materials, 335, 127495, 2022.
• Z. Ren and D. Li, "Application of steel slag as an aggregate in concrete production: A review," Materials, 16(17), 5841, 2023.
• L. Mo, F. Zhang, M. Deng, F. Jin, A. Al-Tabbaa, and A. Wang, "Accelerated carbonation and performance of concrete made with steel slag as binding materials and aggregates," Cement and Concrete Composites, 83, 138–145, 2017.
• M. Li, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, J. Chu, T. Zhang, and W. Wang, "Influence of the steel slag particle size on the mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete," Sustainability, 16(5), 2083, 2024.
• Y. Zhang et al., "Hydration behavior and cementitious properties of steel slag: From an early age to a long-term," Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, e03066, 2024.
• J. M. Skalny Ivan Odler, and Jan P., Sulfate Attack on Concrete. London: CRC Press, 2001.
• Z. Chen and H. Ye, "Understanding the impact of main seawater ions and leaching on the chloride transport in alkali-activated slag and Portland cement," Cement and Concrete Research, 164, 107063, 2023.
• X. Yu, D. Chen, J. Feng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Liao, "Behavior of mortar exposed to different exposure conditions of sulfate attack," Ocean Engineering, 157, 1–12, 2018.
• Q. Wang et al., "Sulfate attack testing approaches from concrete to cement paste: A review by RILEM TC 298-EBD," Mater Struct, 58(7), 232, 2025.
• H. R. Kumavat, N. R. Chandak, and I. T. Patil, "Factors influencing the performance of rebound hammer used for non-destructive testing of concrete members: A review," Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, e00491, 2021.
• J. Chen, Q. Jin, B. Dong, and C. Dong, "Research on the rebound hammer testing of high-strength concrete’s compressive strength in the xinjiang region," Buildings, 13(12), 2905, 2023.
• X. Liu, P. Feng, C. Lyu, and S. Ye, "The role of sulfate ions in tricalcium aluminate hydration: New insights," Cement and Concrete Research, 130, 105973, 2020.
• K. De Weerdt, E. Bernard, W. Kunther, M. T. Pedersen, and B. Lothenbach, "Phase changes in cementitious materials exposed to saline solutions," Cement and Concrete Research, 165, 107071, 2023.
• W. Szudek, J. Szydłowski, I. Buchała, and E. Kapeluszna, "Synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates—ettringite (AFt) and monosulfate (AFm)," Materials, 17(21), 5216, 2024.