Year 2021,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 103 - 106, 01.10.2021
Nazlıcan Cengiz
,
Tülay Ece Özçelik
Beyza Yılmaz
Nisanur Bayar
Selma Arzu Vardar
References
- 1. Ye M, Glick-Bauer M, Wechsler S. Fruit and vegetable consumption in the Unit- ed States: patterns, barriers and federal nutrition assistance programs. In: Wat- son RR, Preedy VR, editors. Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs. Academic Press; 2016.p.411-22.
- 2. White R, Frank E. Health effects and prevalence of vegetarianism. West J Med 1994;160(5):465-70.
- 3. Lea E, Worsley A. The cognitive contexts of beliefs about the healthiness of meat. Public Health Nutr 2002;5(1):37-45.
- 4. Le LT, Sabaté J. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients 2014;6(6):2131-47.
- 5. Ruby MB, Heine SJ, Kamble S et al. Compassion and contamination. Cultural differences in vegetarianism. Appetite 2013;71:340-8.
- 6. Mensink G, Barbosa CL, Brettschneider AK. Prevalence of persons following a vegetarian diet in Germany. Journal of Health Monitoring 2016;1(2):2-14.
- 7. Agrawal S, Millett CJ, Dhillon PK et al. Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabe- tes in adult Indian population. Nutr J 2014;13:89.
- 8. Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L et al. Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS). Nutr J 2014;13:55.
- 9. Pfeiler TM, Egloff B. Examining the “Veggie” personality: results from a represen- tative German sample. Appetite 2018;120:246-55.
- 10. Fontana L, Meyer TE, Klein S et al. Long-term low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and endurance exercise are associated with low cardiometabolic risk. Rejuvena- tion Res 2007;10(2):225-34.
- 11. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardio- vascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examination survey epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(1):93-9.
- 12. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pres- sure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(4):577-87.
- 13. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ et al. Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from the national high blood pressure education program. JAMA 2002;288(15):1882-8.
- 14. Larsson CL, Johansson GK. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(1):100-6.
- 15. Antony AC. Vegetarianism and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(1):3-6.
- 16. Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J et al. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and non- vegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113(12):1610-9.
- 17. Venes D, Taber CW. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. In: Venes D, editor. 21st ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2005. p.1089.
- 18. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274(13):1049-57.
19. Gamble MV, Ahsan H, Liu X et al. Folate and cobalamin deficiencies and hyper- homocysteinemia in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(6):1372-7.
- 20. Majchrzak D, Singer I, Männer M et al. B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50(6):485-91.
- 21. Huang YC, Chang SJ, Chiu YT et al. The status of plasma homocysteine and re- lated B-vitamins in healthy young vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(2):84-90.
- 22. Powers HJ. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and health. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1352- 60.
- 23. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr J 2015;14:6.
- 24. Li D, Sinclair A, Mann N et al. The association of diet and thrombotic risk factors in healthy male vegetarians and meat-eaters. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53(8):612-9.
- 25. Jack Stewart , Gavin Manmathan, Peter Wilkinson Primary. Prevention of car- diovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature. JRSM
Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;1-9.
- 26. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K et al. Global and regional mortality from 235
causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the
global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2095-128.
- 27. National cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, eval- uation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults
(adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106(25):3143-421.
- 28. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC et al. Risk of hospitalization or death from isch- emic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from
the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97(3):597-603.
- 29. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJA et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individu-
als with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29(8):1777-83.
- 30. Waldmann A, Koschitzke JW, Leitzmann C et al. German vegan study: diet, life-
style factors, and cardiovascular risk profile. Ann Nutr Metab 2005;49(6):366-72.
- 31. Storz MA, Helle P. Atrial fibrillation risk factor management with a plant-based
diet: a review. J Arrhythm 2019;35(6):781-8.
- 32. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular
disease. Nutr J 2015;14:6.
- 33. Shah B, Newman JD, Woolf K et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of a vegan diet ver-
sus the American heart association-recommended diet in coronary artery disease
trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7(23):e011367.
- 34. Woo KS, Kwok TCY, Celermajer DS. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B12 status
and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 2014;6(8):3259-73.
- 35. Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated
men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32(11):2312-21.
- 36. Barnard RJ, Jung T, Inkeles SB. Diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM. The
need for early emphasis. Diabetes Care 1994;17(12):1469-72.
- 37. Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin re- sistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with
type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2011;28(5):549-59.
- 38. Nicholson AS, Sklar M, Barnard ND et al. Toward improved management of
NIDDM: a randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a low fat, vegetarian
diet. Prev Med 1999;29(2):87-91.
- 39. Manor O, Zubair N, Conomos MP et al. A Multi-omic Association Study of Trimethylamine N-Oxide. Cell Rep 2018;24(4):935-46.
- 40. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ke B et al. TMAO: how gut microbiota contributes to heart failure. Transl Res 2021;228:109-25.
- 41. Koeth RA, Lam-Galvez BR, Kirsop J et al. L-Carnitine in omnivorous di-
ets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. J Clin Invest
2019;129(1):373-87.
- 42. Hana Kahleova, Susan Levin, Neal D Barnard. Vegetarian dietary patterns and
cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018;61(1):54-61.
- 43. Miller CA, Corbin KD, da Costa KA et al. Effect of egg ingestion on trimethyl- amine-N-oxide production in humans: a randomized, controlled, dose-response
study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100(3):778-86.
- 44. Bergeron N, Chiu S, Williams PT et al. Effects of red meat, white meat, and non-
meat protein sources on atherogenic lipoprotein measures in the context of low compared with high saturated fat intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110(1):24-33.
- 45. Francesco Sofi, Monica Dinu, Giuditta Pagliai et al. Low-calorie vegetarian versus Mediterranean diets for reducing body weight and improving cardiovascular risk profile: CARDIVEG study (cardiovascular prevention with vegetarian diet). Cir- culation 2018;137(11):1103-13.
- 46. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE et al. Consumption of meat, fish, dairy prod- ucts, and eggs and risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2019;139(25):2835-45.
- 47. Król W, Price S, Śliż D et al. A vegan athlete's heart - is it different? Morphology and function in echocardiography. Diagnostics 2020;10(7):477.
- 48. Leischik R, Spelsberg N. Vegan triple-ironman (raw vegetables/fruits). Case Rep Cardiol 2014;2014(7):317246.
- 49. Beavers KM, Jonnalagadda SS, Messina MJ. Soy consumption, adhesion mole- cules, and pro-inflammatory cytokines: a brief review of the literature. Nutr Rev 2009;67(4):213-21.
- 50. Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Fleming JA et al. Effects of isoflavone-containing soya protein on ex vivo cholesterol efflux, vascular function and blood markers of CVD risk in adults with moderately elevated blood pressure: a dose-response randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2017;117(10):1403-13.
- 51. Ramdath DD, Padhi EMT, Sarfaraz S et al. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein: a review of the effects of dietary soy and its constituents on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):324.
- 52. Massimiliano Ruscica, Chiara Pavanello, Sara Gandini et al. Effect of soy on meta- bolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(2):499-511.
- 53. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Jackson CJC et al. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hy- perlipidemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(2):365-72.
- 54. Kritchevsky D. Vegetable protein and atherosclerosis. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1979;56(3):135-40.
- 55. Carroll KK. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed Proc 1982;41(11):2792-6.
- 56. Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Williams JK. Effects of soy isoflavones on atheroscle- rosis: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1390-3.
- 57. Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Morgan TM. Inhibition of postmenopausal athero- sclerosis progression: a comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(1):41-7.
- 58. Crouse JR, Morgan T, Terry JG et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of ca- sein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(17):2070-6.
- 59. Dent SB, Peterson CT, Brace LD et al. Soy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fi- brinolytic factors. J Nutr 2001;131(9):2280-7.
- 60. Meinertz H, Nilausen K, Hilden J. Alcohol-extracted, but not intact, dietary soy protein lowers lipoprotein(a) markedly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(2):312-6.
- 61. Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC et al. Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antiox- idant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(1):123-30.
- 62. Gardner CD, Newell KA, Cherin R et al. The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic post- menopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(4):728-35.
- 63. Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H et al. Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hy- percholesterolemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(11):1852-8.
- 64. Gagliardi G, Constine LS, Moiseenko V et al. Radiation dose-volume effects in the heart. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:77-85.
- 65. Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368(11):987-98.
- 66. Stewart FA, Seemann I, Hoving S et al. Understanding radiation-induced cardio- vascular damage and strategies for intervention. Clin Oncol 2013;25(10):617-24.
- 67. Dominello MM, Fountain MD, Rothstein SE et al. Radiation injury to car-
diac arteries and myocardium is reduced by soy isoflavones. J Radiat Oncol
2017;6(3):307-15.
- 68. Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT et al. Soy food consumption is associated with lower
risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2874-8.
THE EFFECTS OF VEGETARIAN DIET ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Year 2021,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 103 - 106, 01.10.2021
Nazlıcan Cengiz
,
Tülay Ece Özçelik
Beyza Yılmaz
Nisanur Bayar
Selma Arzu Vardar
Abstract
Vegetarianism is the refusal to eat meat and its products for various reasons. Furthermore, veganism is against eating and using all products derived from an- imals. Numerous studies have stated that plant-based nutrition reduces the risk of cardiovascular system diseases, but also cannot supply the requirement of some vitamins and minerals. Although a vegetarian diet may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases, the findings of the studies related to the low intake of protein, vitamins, or minerals should be taken into account in terms of harmful effects. In this review, the studies have been reviewed about the effects of plant-based nutrition on the human cardiovascular system.
References
- 1. Ye M, Glick-Bauer M, Wechsler S. Fruit and vegetable consumption in the Unit- ed States: patterns, barriers and federal nutrition assistance programs. In: Wat- son RR, Preedy VR, editors. Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs. Academic Press; 2016.p.411-22.
- 2. White R, Frank E. Health effects and prevalence of vegetarianism. West J Med 1994;160(5):465-70.
- 3. Lea E, Worsley A. The cognitive contexts of beliefs about the healthiness of meat. Public Health Nutr 2002;5(1):37-45.
- 4. Le LT, Sabaté J. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients 2014;6(6):2131-47.
- 5. Ruby MB, Heine SJ, Kamble S et al. Compassion and contamination. Cultural differences in vegetarianism. Appetite 2013;71:340-8.
- 6. Mensink G, Barbosa CL, Brettschneider AK. Prevalence of persons following a vegetarian diet in Germany. Journal of Health Monitoring 2016;1(2):2-14.
- 7. Agrawal S, Millett CJ, Dhillon PK et al. Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabe- tes in adult Indian population. Nutr J 2014;13:89.
- 8. Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L et al. Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS). Nutr J 2014;13:55.
- 9. Pfeiler TM, Egloff B. Examining the “Veggie” personality: results from a represen- tative German sample. Appetite 2018;120:246-55.
- 10. Fontana L, Meyer TE, Klein S et al. Long-term low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and endurance exercise are associated with low cardiometabolic risk. Rejuvena- tion Res 2007;10(2):225-34.
- 11. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardio- vascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examination survey epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(1):93-9.
- 12. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pres- sure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(4):577-87.
- 13. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ et al. Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from the national high blood pressure education program. JAMA 2002;288(15):1882-8.
- 14. Larsson CL, Johansson GK. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(1):100-6.
- 15. Antony AC. Vegetarianism and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(1):3-6.
- 16. Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J et al. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and non- vegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113(12):1610-9.
- 17. Venes D, Taber CW. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. In: Venes D, editor. 21st ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2005. p.1089.
- 18. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274(13):1049-57.
19. Gamble MV, Ahsan H, Liu X et al. Folate and cobalamin deficiencies and hyper- homocysteinemia in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(6):1372-7.
- 20. Majchrzak D, Singer I, Männer M et al. B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50(6):485-91.
- 21. Huang YC, Chang SJ, Chiu YT et al. The status of plasma homocysteine and re- lated B-vitamins in healthy young vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(2):84-90.
- 22. Powers HJ. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and health. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1352- 60.
- 23. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr J 2015;14:6.
- 24. Li D, Sinclair A, Mann N et al. The association of diet and thrombotic risk factors in healthy male vegetarians and meat-eaters. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53(8):612-9.
- 25. Jack Stewart , Gavin Manmathan, Peter Wilkinson Primary. Prevention of car- diovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature. JRSM
Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;1-9.
- 26. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K et al. Global and regional mortality from 235
causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the
global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2095-128.
- 27. National cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, eval- uation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults
(adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106(25):3143-421.
- 28. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC et al. Risk of hospitalization or death from isch- emic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from
the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97(3):597-603.
- 29. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJA et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individu-
als with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29(8):1777-83.
- 30. Waldmann A, Koschitzke JW, Leitzmann C et al. German vegan study: diet, life-
style factors, and cardiovascular risk profile. Ann Nutr Metab 2005;49(6):366-72.
- 31. Storz MA, Helle P. Atrial fibrillation risk factor management with a plant-based
diet: a review. J Arrhythm 2019;35(6):781-8.
- 32. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular
disease. Nutr J 2015;14:6.
- 33. Shah B, Newman JD, Woolf K et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of a vegan diet ver-
sus the American heart association-recommended diet in coronary artery disease
trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7(23):e011367.
- 34. Woo KS, Kwok TCY, Celermajer DS. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B12 status
and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 2014;6(8):3259-73.
- 35. Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated
men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32(11):2312-21.
- 36. Barnard RJ, Jung T, Inkeles SB. Diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM. The
need for early emphasis. Diabetes Care 1994;17(12):1469-72.
- 37. Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin re- sistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with
type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2011;28(5):549-59.
- 38. Nicholson AS, Sklar M, Barnard ND et al. Toward improved management of
NIDDM: a randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a low fat, vegetarian
diet. Prev Med 1999;29(2):87-91.
- 39. Manor O, Zubair N, Conomos MP et al. A Multi-omic Association Study of Trimethylamine N-Oxide. Cell Rep 2018;24(4):935-46.
- 40. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ke B et al. TMAO: how gut microbiota contributes to heart failure. Transl Res 2021;228:109-25.
- 41. Koeth RA, Lam-Galvez BR, Kirsop J et al. L-Carnitine in omnivorous di-
ets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. J Clin Invest
2019;129(1):373-87.
- 42. Hana Kahleova, Susan Levin, Neal D Barnard. Vegetarian dietary patterns and
cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018;61(1):54-61.
- 43. Miller CA, Corbin KD, da Costa KA et al. Effect of egg ingestion on trimethyl- amine-N-oxide production in humans: a randomized, controlled, dose-response
study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100(3):778-86.
- 44. Bergeron N, Chiu S, Williams PT et al. Effects of red meat, white meat, and non-
meat protein sources on atherogenic lipoprotein measures in the context of low compared with high saturated fat intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110(1):24-33.
- 45. Francesco Sofi, Monica Dinu, Giuditta Pagliai et al. Low-calorie vegetarian versus Mediterranean diets for reducing body weight and improving cardiovascular risk profile: CARDIVEG study (cardiovascular prevention with vegetarian diet). Cir- culation 2018;137(11):1103-13.
- 46. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE et al. Consumption of meat, fish, dairy prod- ucts, and eggs and risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2019;139(25):2835-45.
- 47. Król W, Price S, Śliż D et al. A vegan athlete's heart - is it different? Morphology and function in echocardiography. Diagnostics 2020;10(7):477.
- 48. Leischik R, Spelsberg N. Vegan triple-ironman (raw vegetables/fruits). Case Rep Cardiol 2014;2014(7):317246.
- 49. Beavers KM, Jonnalagadda SS, Messina MJ. Soy consumption, adhesion mole- cules, and pro-inflammatory cytokines: a brief review of the literature. Nutr Rev 2009;67(4):213-21.
- 50. Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Fleming JA et al. Effects of isoflavone-containing soya protein on ex vivo cholesterol efflux, vascular function and blood markers of CVD risk in adults with moderately elevated blood pressure: a dose-response randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2017;117(10):1403-13.
- 51. Ramdath DD, Padhi EMT, Sarfaraz S et al. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein: a review of the effects of dietary soy and its constituents on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):324.
- 52. Massimiliano Ruscica, Chiara Pavanello, Sara Gandini et al. Effect of soy on meta- bolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(2):499-511.
- 53. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Jackson CJC et al. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hy- perlipidemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(2):365-72.
- 54. Kritchevsky D. Vegetable protein and atherosclerosis. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1979;56(3):135-40.
- 55. Carroll KK. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed Proc 1982;41(11):2792-6.
- 56. Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Williams JK. Effects of soy isoflavones on atheroscle- rosis: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1390-3.
- 57. Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Morgan TM. Inhibition of postmenopausal athero- sclerosis progression: a comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(1):41-7.
- 58. Crouse JR, Morgan T, Terry JG et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of ca- sein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(17):2070-6.
- 59. Dent SB, Peterson CT, Brace LD et al. Soy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fi- brinolytic factors. J Nutr 2001;131(9):2280-7.
- 60. Meinertz H, Nilausen K, Hilden J. Alcohol-extracted, but not intact, dietary soy protein lowers lipoprotein(a) markedly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(2):312-6.
- 61. Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC et al. Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antiox- idant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(1):123-30.
- 62. Gardner CD, Newell KA, Cherin R et al. The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic post- menopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(4):728-35.
- 63. Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H et al. Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hy- percholesterolemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(11):1852-8.
- 64. Gagliardi G, Constine LS, Moiseenko V et al. Radiation dose-volume effects in the heart. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:77-85.
- 65. Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368(11):987-98.
- 66. Stewart FA, Seemann I, Hoving S et al. Understanding radiation-induced cardio- vascular damage and strategies for intervention. Clin Oncol 2013;25(10):617-24.
- 67. Dominello MM, Fountain MD, Rothstein SE et al. Radiation injury to car-
diac arteries and myocardium is reduced by soy isoflavones. J Radiat Oncol
2017;6(3):307-15.
- 68. Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT et al. Soy food consumption is associated with lower
risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2874-8.