Suudi Arabistan-İsrail Örtülü İttifakını Anlamlandırmak
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 101 - 132, 30.12.2019
Mehmet Rakipoğlu
,
Menderes Kurt
Abstract
Bu
çalışma Suudi Arabistan-İsrail arasındaki ilişkilerin tarihsel boyutuna
değinerek son dönemdeki yakınlaşma belirtilerini anlamlandırmaya çalışmaktadır.
İki ülke resmi düzeyde ilişkilere sahip olmamasına rağmen medyaya yansıdığı
kadarıyla birçok noktada örtülü bir ittifakın içerisinde oldukları
anlaşılmaktadır. Bu minvalde çalışma,
iki aktörün son dönemdeki yakınlaşmasını bölgesel düzendeki değişim
üzerinden açıklamaktadır. Bu noktada iki ülkenin yakınlaşmasını ABD’nin bölge
politikası sonucu artan İran tehdidini dengeleme, Arap ayaklanmaları sonrası
değişen güvenlik mefhumu,siyasal İslam’ın bölgede güçlenmesi ve bölge
siyasetinde etkin rol oynaması gibi bölgesel düzende üç önemli parametrenin
ortaya çıkması sağlamıştır. Söz konusu üç parametre iki ülkeyi
yakınlaştırmıştır.
References
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University of Florida, 2006.Baker Institute Policy Report, Rapor 61, (Eylül 2014).Black, Ian. “Just Below The Surface: Israel the Arab Gulf States and the Limits of Cooperation.” LSE Middle East Centre Report (March 2019):1-41.Bureš, Jaroslav. Main Characteristic and Development Trends of Migration in the Arab World. Prague: Institute of International Relations, 2008.Çiçekçi, Ceyhun. Arap Baharı Sonrası İsrail Dış Politikası: Kavram, Bağlam, Pratik ve Kuram. İstanbul: Kriter, 2018.Doster, Barış. “Bir Bölgesel Güç Olarak İran’ın Ortadoğu Politikası.” Ortadoğu Analiz 4, sayı. 44 (Ağustos 2012): 44-51.Eisenhower, Dwight D. The White House Years: Waging Peace, a Personal Account 1956-1961. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1960.Eisenhower’s Letter to Edward Lee Roy Elson, EM, WHCF, Official File 116-R, 31 July 1958, Louis Galambos and Daun Van Ee (eds) The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, The Presidency: Keeping the Peace, Vol. XIX (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), Letter #797, 1027.el-Sherif, Ashraf. “The Muslimbrotherhood and the Future of Political Islam in Egypt.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (October 2014).Erickson, Amanda. “Why Saudi Arabia hates Al Jazeera s much.” The Washington Post, June 23, 2017.Fawcett, Louise. “Alliances and Regionalism in the Middle East.” in International Relations of the Middle East, ed. Louise Fawcett. Oxford University Press, 2016: 197-217.Flapan, Simha. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987. Guzansky ,Yoel ve Neubauer, Sigurd. “Israel and Saudi Arabia: A Changing Region, a Possible Partnership.” The National Interest, 24 July 2014. Harel, Amos. “Israeli Military Chief Gives Unprecedented Interview to Saudi,” Haaretz, November 17, 2017.Hinnebusch, Raymond. “The Middle East Regional System.” The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. ed. Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002: 35-74.Hinnebusch, Raymond. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press, 2004.Interregnum: The Regional Order in the Middle East and Nort Africa: After 2011. MENARA Final Reports, no. 1 (February 2019). Is There a Middle East?: The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. ed. Michael E. Bonine, Abbas Amanat, Michael E. Gasper. California: Stanford University Press, 2012.Ismael, Tareq Y. “Regional Dynamics and International Relation in the Middle East.” in International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics. Syracuse University Press, 1986.Kiddie, Nikki R. “Is There a Middle East?.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4, no. 3 (Jul., 1973): 255-271.Korany, Bahgat ve Fattah, Moataz A. “Irreconcilable Role-Partners?: Saudi Foreign Policy between the Ulama and the US.” in The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, ed. Bahgat Korany ve Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. New York&Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.Mann, Joseph. “The Syrian Neo-Bacth Regime and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 5 (September 2006).Muasher, Marwan. “The Next Arab Uprising: The Collapse of Authoritarianism in the Middle East.” Foreign Affairs, November/December, 2018.Orkaby, Asher. “Rivals with Benefits: Israel and Saudi Arabia’s Secret History of Cooperation.” Foreign Affairs, March 13, 2015.Örmeci, Ozan. “İsrail-Suudi Arabistan Yakınlaşması Gerçeğe Dönüşebilir Mi? Yapısalcı Realist Bir Analiz.” International Journal of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences (IJEASS) 1, no.1 (2018 Aralık): 60-100.Panaite, Atena. Cold War in the Middle East: Iran and Saudi Arabia. Master Thesis, Miami University, International Relations Department, 2017. Piscatori, James P., Ramazani, R.K. “The Middle East.” in Comparative Regional Systems: West and East Euorope, Nort America, The Middle East, and Developing Countries, ed. Werner J. Feld, Gavin Boyd (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980): 274-299.Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil.Rabi, Uzi ve Mueller, Chelsi. “The Gulf Arab states and Israel since 1967: from ‘no negotiation’ to tacit cooperation.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 4 (2017): 576-592.Rabinovich, Itamar. “Israel and the Changing Middle East.” Middle East Memo, no. 34 (January 2015): 1-11.Rabinovich, Itamar. Israel and Arab Turmoi. 2014.Rieger, Rene. “Saudi Arabia’s Relations with Israel and Palestine.” in Saudi Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation. ed. Partrick, N. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016.Salem, Pael. “The Middle East. Evolution of a Broken Regional Order.” Carnegie Middle East Center, no. 9 (June 2008): 1-22.Salem, Paul. “The Middle East in 2015 and Beyond: Trends and Drives.” Middle East Institute Policy Focus Series, November, 2014: 1-17.Salem, Paul. “The Recurring Rise and Fall of Political Islam.” in Rocky Harbors: Taking Stock of the Middle East in 2015, ed. Jon B. Alterman (Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2015): 29-38.Sinkaya, Bayram. “Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu Politikası ve Batı Etkisi.” Adam Akademi 1 (2011): 79-100.Teitelbaum, Joshua. “Saudi-Israeli Relations: Balancing Legitimacy and Security.” BESA Center Perspectives, Paper no. 228 (December 17 2013).Telci, İsmail Numan. Mısır: Devrim ve Karşı Devrim. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2017.Tyler, Patrick. A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East- from the Cold War to the War of the Terror. New York, 2010.Yamani, Mai. “Two Faces of Saudi Arabia.” Survival 50, no. 1 (2008).Yaşar, Fatma Tunç, Özcan, Sevinç Alkan ve Kor, Zahide Tuba. Siyonizm Düşünden İşgal Gerçeğine Filistin. İstanbul: İHH Yayınları, 2010.Yeşiltaş, Murat ve Duran, Burhanettin. Ortadoğu’da Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler: Terör Örgütleri, Milisler, Vekil Güçler. Ankara: SETA Kitapları, 2018. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. Palestine and the Gulf States. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- İnternet Kaynakları“Ex-Saudi intelligence chief reveals secret Israel-Saudi relations,” The Middle East Monitor, February 11, 2019. “Islamism after the Arab Spring: Between the Islamic State and the nation-state,” The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World U.S.-Islamic World Forum Papers 2015 (Washington, 2017). “Israel moves to shut Al Jazeera's office and ban journalists,” The Middle East Eye, August 6, 2017. “Israel said to be working with Saudi Arabia on Iran strike plan,” Times of Israel, October 17, 2013. “Israeli Software Helped Saudis Spy on Khashoggi, Lawsuit Says,” The New York Times, December 2, 2018. “İsrail basını Veliaht Prens Bin Selman'a methiyeler dizdi,” Sabah, 23 Ekim 2018. “Saudi prince in 'secret meeting' with Israeli officials,” The New Arab, September 10, 2017.“Saudi prince paid secret visit to Israel: Broadcaster,” Anadolu Agency, August 8, 2017. “Saudi supported Israel against Hezbollah during 2006 war”, The Middle East Monitor, February 16, 2019. “The Gulf States and Israeli- Palestinian Conflict Resolution,” Baker Institute Policy Report, Rapor 61 (Eylül 2014).
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 101 - 132, 30.12.2019
Mehmet Rakipoğlu
,
Menderes Kurt
References
- Kaynakça Abadi, Jacob. “Saudi Arabia’s rapprochement with Israel: the national security imperativess.” Middle Eastern Studies 55, no. 3, (2019): 433-449.Abrahms, Elliot. “The Saudis and Israel—Again,” Council on Foreign Relations, November 23, 2017. Acar, Necmettin. “Arap Baharı Sürecinde Ortadoğu’da Güvenlik ve Dış Politika: Suudi Arabistan Örneği.” Birey ve Toplum 8, sayı. 16 (Güz 2018): 139-171.Ardıç, Nurullah. “Arap Baharı’nı Anlamak: Adalet, Onur, Din ve Küresel Siyaset.” Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı 2011, ed. Burhanettin Duran, Kemal İnat ve Ali Resul Usul (Ankara: SETA Yayınları, 2012): 89-135.Bahgat, Gawdat. Israel and the Persian Gulf: Retrospect and Prospect. Florida: University of Florida, 2006, 118. Bahgat, Gawdat. Israel and the Persian Gulf: Retrospect and Prospect. University of Florida, 2006.Baker Institute Policy Report, Rapor 61, (Eylül 2014).Black, Ian. “Just Below The Surface: Israel the Arab Gulf States and the Limits of Cooperation.” LSE Middle East Centre Report (March 2019):1-41.Bureš, Jaroslav. Main Characteristic and Development Trends of Migration in the Arab World. Prague: Institute of International Relations, 2008.Çiçekçi, Ceyhun. Arap Baharı Sonrası İsrail Dış Politikası: Kavram, Bağlam, Pratik ve Kuram. İstanbul: Kriter, 2018.Doster, Barış. “Bir Bölgesel Güç Olarak İran’ın Ortadoğu Politikası.” Ortadoğu Analiz 4, sayı. 44 (Ağustos 2012): 44-51.Eisenhower, Dwight D. The White House Years: Waging Peace, a Personal Account 1956-1961. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1960.Eisenhower’s Letter to Edward Lee Roy Elson, EM, WHCF, Official File 116-R, 31 July 1958, Louis Galambos and Daun Van Ee (eds) The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, The Presidency: Keeping the Peace, Vol. XIX (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), Letter #797, 1027.el-Sherif, Ashraf. “The Muslimbrotherhood and the Future of Political Islam in Egypt.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (October 2014).Erickson, Amanda. “Why Saudi Arabia hates Al Jazeera s much.” The Washington Post, June 23, 2017.Fawcett, Louise. “Alliances and Regionalism in the Middle East.” in International Relations of the Middle East, ed. Louise Fawcett. Oxford University Press, 2016: 197-217.Flapan, Simha. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987. Guzansky ,Yoel ve Neubauer, Sigurd. “Israel and Saudi Arabia: A Changing Region, a Possible Partnership.” The National Interest, 24 July 2014. Harel, Amos. “Israeli Military Chief Gives Unprecedented Interview to Saudi,” Haaretz, November 17, 2017.Hinnebusch, Raymond. “The Middle East Regional System.” The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. ed. Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002: 35-74.Hinnebusch, Raymond. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press, 2004.Interregnum: The Regional Order in the Middle East and Nort Africa: After 2011. MENARA Final Reports, no. 1 (February 2019). Is There a Middle East?: The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. ed. Michael E. Bonine, Abbas Amanat, Michael E. Gasper. California: Stanford University Press, 2012.Ismael, Tareq Y. “Regional Dynamics and International Relation in the Middle East.” in International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics. Syracuse University Press, 1986.Kiddie, Nikki R. “Is There a Middle East?.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4, no. 3 (Jul., 1973): 255-271.Korany, Bahgat ve Fattah, Moataz A. “Irreconcilable Role-Partners?: Saudi Foreign Policy between the Ulama and the US.” in The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, ed. Bahgat Korany ve Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. New York&Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.Mann, Joseph. “The Syrian Neo-Bacth Regime and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 5 (September 2006).Muasher, Marwan. “The Next Arab Uprising: The Collapse of Authoritarianism in the Middle East.” Foreign Affairs, November/December, 2018.Orkaby, Asher. “Rivals with Benefits: Israel and Saudi Arabia’s Secret History of Cooperation.” Foreign Affairs, March 13, 2015.Örmeci, Ozan. “İsrail-Suudi Arabistan Yakınlaşması Gerçeğe Dönüşebilir Mi? Yapısalcı Realist Bir Analiz.” International Journal of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences (IJEASS) 1, no.1 (2018 Aralık): 60-100.Panaite, Atena. Cold War in the Middle East: Iran and Saudi Arabia. Master Thesis, Miami University, International Relations Department, 2017. Piscatori, James P., Ramazani, R.K. “The Middle East.” in Comparative Regional Systems: West and East Euorope, Nort America, The Middle East, and Developing Countries, ed. Werner J. Feld, Gavin Boyd (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980): 274-299.Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil.Rabi, Uzi ve Mueller, Chelsi. “The Gulf Arab states and Israel since 1967: from ‘no negotiation’ to tacit cooperation.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 4 (2017): 576-592.Rabinovich, Itamar. “Israel and the Changing Middle East.” Middle East Memo, no. 34 (January 2015): 1-11.Rabinovich, Itamar. Israel and Arab Turmoi. 2014.Rieger, Rene. “Saudi Arabia’s Relations with Israel and Palestine.” in Saudi Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation. ed. Partrick, N. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016.Salem, Pael. “The Middle East. Evolution of a Broken Regional Order.” Carnegie Middle East Center, no. 9 (June 2008): 1-22.Salem, Paul. “The Middle East in 2015 and Beyond: Trends and Drives.” Middle East Institute Policy Focus Series, November, 2014: 1-17.Salem, Paul. “The Recurring Rise and Fall of Political Islam.” in Rocky Harbors: Taking Stock of the Middle East in 2015, ed. Jon B. Alterman (Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2015): 29-38.Sinkaya, Bayram. “Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu Politikası ve Batı Etkisi.” Adam Akademi 1 (2011): 79-100.Teitelbaum, Joshua. “Saudi-Israeli Relations: Balancing Legitimacy and Security.” BESA Center Perspectives, Paper no. 228 (December 17 2013).Telci, İsmail Numan. Mısır: Devrim ve Karşı Devrim. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2017.Tyler, Patrick. A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East- from the Cold War to the War of the Terror. New York, 2010.Yamani, Mai. “Two Faces of Saudi Arabia.” Survival 50, no. 1 (2008).Yaşar, Fatma Tunç, Özcan, Sevinç Alkan ve Kor, Zahide Tuba. Siyonizm Düşünden İşgal Gerçeğine Filistin. İstanbul: İHH Yayınları, 2010.Yeşiltaş, Murat ve Duran, Burhanettin. Ortadoğu’da Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler: Terör Örgütleri, Milisler, Vekil Güçler. Ankara: SETA Kitapları, 2018. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. Palestine and the Gulf States. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- İnternet Kaynakları“Ex-Saudi intelligence chief reveals secret Israel-Saudi relations,” The Middle East Monitor, February 11, 2019. “Islamism after the Arab Spring: Between the Islamic State and the nation-state,” The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World U.S.-Islamic World Forum Papers 2015 (Washington, 2017). “Israel moves to shut Al Jazeera's office and ban journalists,” The Middle East Eye, August 6, 2017. “Israel said to be working with Saudi Arabia on Iran strike plan,” Times of Israel, October 17, 2013. “Israeli Software Helped Saudis Spy on Khashoggi, Lawsuit Says,” The New York Times, December 2, 2018. “İsrail basını Veliaht Prens Bin Selman'a methiyeler dizdi,” Sabah, 23 Ekim 2018. “Saudi prince in 'secret meeting' with Israeli officials,” The New Arab, September 10, 2017.“Saudi prince paid secret visit to Israel: Broadcaster,” Anadolu Agency, August 8, 2017. “Saudi supported Israel against Hezbollah during 2006 war”, The Middle East Monitor, February 16, 2019. “The Gulf States and Israeli- Palestinian Conflict Resolution,” Baker Institute Policy Report, Rapor 61 (Eylül 2014).