Abstract
Sıkıştırılmış Toprak Yapım Tekniği (STYT) insanlık tarihi boyunca etkin olarak kullanılan yapım sistemlerinden biridir. Dünya’nın farklı bölgelerinden ve zaman dilimlerinden günümüze kadar ulaşmış olan örnekler, bu yapım tekniğinin değişen koşullara kolay uyum sağlayabilen bir teknik olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yüzlerce yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan ve günümüzde mevcut yapım tekniklerine yeniden bir alternatif olarak gündemde olan STYT’nin tarihsel süreçteki gelişimini ortaya koymak, tekniğin temel prensiplerini analiz etmek, uygulama şartlarını basit deney düzeneklerini de içeren çizimlerle açıklamak ve tekniğin diğer disiplinlerle olan etkileşimini incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. STYT’nin günümüz uygulamaları, dünyadan ve ülkemizden örneklerle yapım tarihi, yer, tasarımcı, teknik bilgiler ve değerlendirme başlıkları altında özetlenmiş, farklılıklar ve benzerliklerin karşılaştırılabilmesi için tablo oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonuçları STYT’nin kolay uygulanabilir, yapısal konforu sağlayabilen, doğal kaynağa sahip, iyileştirmeler ile yatay yüklere karşı dirençli, sürdürülebilir ve estetik kaygıları karşılayabilen bir teknik olarak günümüz yapım tekniklerine iyi bir alternatif olduğunu göstermektedir.
Keywords
Sıkıştırılmış Toprak Yapım Tekniği Stabilize Edilmiş Toprak Yapısal Konfor Sürdürülebilirlik
Thanks
Erkan Alışan'a desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederiz.
References
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- Easton, D., & Easton, T. (2012a). Modern rammed earth construction techniques. Modern Earth Buildings (ss. 364-384). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096166.3.364
- Easton, D., & Easton, T. (2012b). Modern rammed earth construction techniques. Modern Earth Buildings (ss. 364-384). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096166.3.364
- Ercan, O. (2020). Apollonia ad Rhynacum Nekropolü Kerpiç Mezarları. Uludağ Üniversitesi.
- Gramlich, A. N. (2013). A Concise History Of The Use Of The Rammed Earth Building Technique Including Information On Methods Of Preservation, Repair, And Maintenance. University of Oregon.
- Guillard, H., & Houben, H. (1994). Earth Construction, A Comprehensive Guide. Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Jaquin, P. A., Augarde, C. E., Gallipoli, D., & Toll, D. G. (2009). The strength of unstabilised rammed earth materials. Géotechnique, 59(5), 487-490. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.00129
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- Koçu, N., Zerr, S., & Korkmaz, N. (2004). Kerpiç Malzeme İle Üretilen Yapılarda Deprem Etkilerinin Tespiti. 11.
- Kömürcüoğlu, E. A. (1962). Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Kerpiç ve Kerpiç İnşaat Sistemleri (1. bs). İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
- Maniatidis, V., & Walker, P. (2003). A Review of Rammed Earth Construction.pdf.
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- Shrestha, K. C., Aoki, T., Miyamoto, M., Wangmo, P., Pema, Zhang, J., & Takahashi, N. (2020). Strengthening of rammed earth structures with simple interventions. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 101179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101179
- Soebarto, V. (2009). Analysis Of Indoor Performance Of Houses Using Rammed Earth Walls. 9.
- Windstorm, B., & Schmidt, A. (2013). A Report of Contemporary Rammed Earth Construction and Research in North America. Sustainability, 5(2), 400-416. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5020400
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- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala_Saray%C4%B1#/media/Dosya:%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB.jpg
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- http://www.earthdwell.com/materials/insulation
- https://www.fab-form.com/fastfoot/fastfootProjectMuskokaSustainableBuilders.php
- https://hometipsforwomen.com/building-rammed-earth-materials
- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Seddi
- https://www.charismaticplanet.com/the-pyramid-of-sun-mexico/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_SunURL27
- https://www.pitchup.com/enau/campsites/morocco/draa_ tafilalet/ouarzazate/ait_ben_haddou/camping_panoramic_nofulla/#&gid=1&pid=1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou
- https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_1.jpg
- https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/africa-apah/west-africa-apah/a/great-mosque-of-djenne
- https://www.archdaily.com/508294/nk-mip-desert-cultural-centre- dialog/537ab874c07a80946d000048-nk-mip-desert-cultural-centre-dialog-floor-plan?next_project=no
- https://www.archdaily.com/370237/tucson-mountain-retreat-dust
- https://www.archdaily.com/771780/the-great-wall-of-wa-luigi-rosselli
- https://gaiadergi.com/turkiyede-bir-komun-denemesi-ax-u-av-komunu/
Abstract
Rammed Earth Technique (STYT) is one of the construction systems that have been used effectively throughout human history. Examples from different regions and time zones of the world reveal that this construction technique is a technique that can easily adapt to changing conditions. In this study, It is aimed to reveal the development of STYT, which has a history of hundreds of years and is on the agenda again as an alternative to existing construction techniques, to analyze the basic principles of the technique, to explain the application conditions with drawings including simple experimental setups, and the interaction of the technique with other disciplines. The current applications of STYT are summarized under the titles of construction date, location, designer, technical information and evaluation with examples from the world and our country, and a table has been created to compare differences and similarities. The results of the study show that STYT is a convenient alternative to today's construction techniques as a technique that can be easily applied, provides structural comfort, has natural resources, is resistant to horizontal loads with improvements, and can meet aesthetic concerns.
References
- Aghazadeh, E. (2011). Kireç ve Alçı İçeren Toprak Yapı Elemanlarının Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
- Alışan, E. (2021). Ülkemizde Uygulanan İlk Örnekler Üzerine Bir Görüşme [Online].
- Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.-C., Hans, S., & Walker, P. (2014). Effect of moisture content on the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth. Construction and Building Materials, 54, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.067
- Çepel, N. (1988). Toprak ilmi.pdf. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Easton, D., & Easton, T. (2012a). Modern rammed earth construction techniques. Modern Earth Buildings (ss. 364-384). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096166.3.364
- Easton, D., & Easton, T. (2012b). Modern rammed earth construction techniques. Modern Earth Buildings (ss. 364-384). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096166.3.364
- Ercan, O. (2020). Apollonia ad Rhynacum Nekropolü Kerpiç Mezarları. Uludağ Üniversitesi.
- Gramlich, A. N. (2013). A Concise History Of The Use Of The Rammed Earth Building Technique Including Information On Methods Of Preservation, Repair, And Maintenance. University of Oregon.
- Guillard, H., & Houben, H. (1994). Earth Construction, A Comprehensive Guide. Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Jaquin, P. A., Augarde, C. E., Gallipoli, D., & Toll, D. G. (2009). The strength of unstabilised rammed earth materials. Géotechnique, 59(5), 487-490. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.00129
- Jaquin, Paul A. (2008). Analysis of historic rammed earth construction. Durham University. Jaquin, Paul A., Augarde, C. E., & Gerrard, C. M. (2008). Chronological Description of the Spatial Development of Rammed Earth Techniques. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2(4), 377- 400. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050801958826
- Kafesçioğlu, R. (1980). Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Kerpicin Alçı ile Stabilizasyonu.
- Koçu, N., Zerr, S., & Korkmaz, N. (2004). Kerpiç Malzeme İle Üretilen Yapılarda Deprem Etkilerinin Tespiti. 11.
- Kömürcüoğlu, E. A. (1962). Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Kerpiç ve Kerpiç İnşaat Sistemleri (1. bs). İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
- Maniatidis, V., & Walker, P. (2003). A Review of Rammed Earth Construction.pdf.
- Pevsner, N., (27 ) Fleming, J., & Honour, H. (1966). The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture. Penguin Books.
- Shrestha, K. C., Aoki, T., Miyamoto, M., Wangmo, P., Pema, Zhang, J., & Takahashi, N. (2020). Strengthening of rammed earth structures with simple interventions. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 101179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101179
- Soebarto, V. (2009). Analysis Of Indoor Performance Of Houses Using Rammed Earth Walls. 9.
- Windstorm, B., & Schmidt, A. (2013). A Report of Contemporary Rammed Earth Construction and Research in North America. Sustainability, 5(2), 400-416. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5020400
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth#:~:text=Rammed%20earth%2C%20also%20known%20as,chalk%2C%20lime%2C%20or%20gravel
- https://www.nedirnedemek.com/stabilize-etmek-ne-demek
- https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/rammed-earth/
- http://www.rammedearthconstructions.com.au/rammed-earth-info/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RyHy1bNJuU
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aFrWWON8VE
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjyGOOtOFik
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RyHy1bNJuU
- https://www.archdaily.com/882468/sanbaopeng-art-museum-dl- atelier/59f2b979b22e385b59000048-sanbaopeng-art-museum-dl-atelier-photo
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- https://www.reddit.com/r/FallofCivilizations/comments/f8qwtl/the_crumbling_ruins_of_a_hanera_watchtower_along/
- https://www.headout.com/fr/012-000-granada-alhambra/alhambra-billets-dentree-audioguide-avec-acces-aux-palais-nasrides-e-12318/
- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala_Saray%C4%B1#/media/Dosya:%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB.jpg
- https://www.reddit.com/r/ArchitecturalRevival/comments/ilsu9g/ancient_berber_architecture_in_ait_benhaddou/
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- http://www.jiudi.net/2018/content/?3250.html
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- https://docplayer.es/112553751-El-tapial-alivianado.html
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JqlOePXZfM&ab_channel=TheNomadicBull
- http://www.earthdwell.com/materials/insulation
- https://www.fab-form.com/fastfoot/fastfootProjectMuskokaSustainableBuilders.php
- https://hometipsforwomen.com/building-rammed-earth-materials
- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Seddi
- https://www.charismaticplanet.com/the-pyramid-of-sun-mexico/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_SunURL27
- https://www.pitchup.com/enau/campsites/morocco/draa_ tafilalet/ouarzazate/ait_ben_haddou/camping_panoramic_nofulla/#&gid=1&pid=1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou
- https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_1.jpg
- https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/africa-apah/west-africa-apah/a/great-mosque-of-djenne
- https://www.archdaily.com/508294/nk-mip-desert-cultural-centre- dialog/537ab874c07a80946d000048-nk-mip-desert-cultural-centre-dialog-floor-plan?next_project=no
- https://www.archdaily.com/370237/tucson-mountain-retreat-dust
- https://www.archdaily.com/771780/the-great-wall-of-wa-luigi-rosselli
- https://gaiadergi.com/turkiyede-bir-komun-denemesi-ax-u-av-komunu/
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 1, 2021 |
| Submission Date | April 6, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | May 7, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 |
