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TYPOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN THE HOT AND COLD CLIMATE REGIONS OF IRAN (THE CASE OF TEBRIZ AND YEZD)

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 401 - 419, 01.04.2022

Abstract

The architectural structure of any society reflects the cultural, social, and religious foundations of that society. The house, being the earliest human refuge, exhibits the most significant cultural influences in various societies. Residential houses have traditionally been regarded as one of the most important styles of Iranian architecture, and they have played an important role in the society᾿s social and cultural development.
Domestic houses are built primarily to meet climatic and socio-cultural needs, and they have a distinct style that allows for the most efficient use of space and the regulation of environmental conditions in both hot and cold climates in accordance with the region᾿s cultural and social structure. Private and public areas were created for privacy purposes. According to climatic and cultural needs, housing areas were built around courtyards, and socio-cultural relations had a significant impact on the physical form and spatial design of traditional Iranian homes. Learning about the cultural distinctions in these societies by looking at the spatial arrangement of different settlements. The spatial structure of traditional houses in Yezd and Tebriz is explored in the present study, and the layouts of these houses are analyzed and compared. The distribution of spatial and functional spaces in the main portions of the buildings, their connection to each other and the importance of the technological structure of these elements in the formation of the houses in both climates were examined. The spatial structure of traditional houses in Yezd and Tebriz is explored in the present study, and the layouts of these houses are analyzed and compared. The relevance of the technological structure of these elements in the development of houses in both climates, as well as the distribution of formal and functional spaces in the main portions of the buildings and their connection to each other, was examined. As study material, six traditional house types from these two cities were chosen. Using a qualitative and descriptive strategy, the possibilities of the socio-cultural logic of the space and the climate features are examined in the present study, which employs the descriptive-analytical approach. In this direction, the spatial distribution and house typologies can be understood by examining the layouts and appearances of the houses, using the physical qualities and information obtained from them, and analyzing the relationships and connections between them.
The findings reveal that, despite a consistent introversion style in both cities᾿ houses, there are disparities in the design, arrangement, and spatial distribution of these cities᾿ existing traditional houses. These differences could indicate that the houses in Yezd have more spatial depth, less permeability, and a greater separation between the internal and outside spaces compared to those in Tebriz. It has been noted that these disparities are often produced by social-cultural and climatic factors, with privacy and the establishment of private spaces being the most important influence in this regard.

References

  • Akın, G., (1985). ″Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu᾿daki Tarihsel Ev Tiplerinde Anlam″, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İ.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Baskı Atölyesi, İstanbul.
  • Benedikt, M., (1979). ″To take the hold of space: İsovists and isovist fields″, Environment and planning b: planning and design, 6 (1), 47‐65.
  • Bridson, D., (2012). ″Courtyard Housing Study, Djingis Khan and The Kingo Houses″, ASBN26, Sustainable Urban Design Lund University.
  • Çelik Başok, G., (2017). ″Authentic Walling Technique of Traditional Houses in Akseki: Case Study on Ormana″, ATA Planlama ve Tasarım Dergisi, 1 (1), 69-77.
  • Çelik Başok, G., Nasrınık, M. ve Güneş, E., (2021). ″İran Konutlarında Muftak Mekanın Mahremiyet Olgusu Üzerinden İncelenmesi″, International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences Dergisi, 12 (43), 162-181.
  • Dehgan, A., Nagizade, M. ve Tayefi, A., (2010). ″Central Courtyard: Iranian Strategy to achieve Local Sustainable Architecture″. In: Advances in Environmental Biology, 5 (9), 2900- 2905.
  • Diba, D. ve Dehbashi, M., (2004). ″Trends in Modern Iranian Architecture″. In Iran: Architecture for Changing Societies, 31-37.
  • Gubadian, V., (1996). ″Analyzing Iran᾿s traditional structures from a cliamtes perspective″. Tehran university Press, Tehran, Iran.
  • Gubadian, V., (2009). ″Sustainable Traditional Buildings of Iran, A Climatic Analysis″, Islamic Azad University, Universal Publisher, Beirut.
  • Hillier, B., (2007). ″Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture″. Space Syntax Laboratory, London.
  • Hillier, B. ve Hanson, J., (1984). ″The social logic of space″, Cambridge University press.
  • Hossein Eskandani, O., Yılmaz, S. ve Doraj, P., (2021). ″Role of nature in the formation of organik architecture″. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 8(69), 1114-1122.
  • Hossein Eskandani, O. ve Doraj, P., (2021). ″Redevelopment of Brownfields, an Approach toward Sustainable Local Development″, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Research Article, 12 (13), 4808-4815.
  • Kazemi, A. G. ve Shirvani, A. H., (2011). ″An Overview of Some Vernacular Techniques in Iranian Sustainable Architecturein Reference to Cisterns and Ice Houses″. Journal of Sustainable Developement, 4(1), 264-270.
  • Mimarian, G. H., (1998). ″House Typology in Iran: With Special Reference to Shiraz″. PhD thesis. The University of Manchester, Manchester.
  • Mimarian, G. H. ve Sadugi, A., (2011). ″Application of access graphs and home culture: Examining factors relative to climate and privacy in Iranian houses″. Scientific Research and Essays, 6 (30), 6350- 6363.
  • Monreal, L., (2011). ″The future of Historic Cities″. In P. Jodidio, The Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme: strategies for urban renewal, Munich: Prestel, 12-21 .
  • Nezhad, A. K. ve Bastani, K.H., (2012). ″Common socio-spatial aspects of historic houses in Ardabil, Iran″. in Proceedings of eighth International Space Syntax Symposium: Santiago de Chile, 1-15.
  • Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Shabankareh, H., Arjmandi, H. ve Mazaheri, F., (2011). ″Relation of cultural and social attributes in dwelling, responding to privacy in Iranian traditional house″. Bangı Journal, 6 (2), 59-72.
  • Shamollahi, B., Selamat, N. ve Jamluddin, S., (2012). ″The Role of Physical Structure of Yezd City in Its Urban Identity″. Business and Society, 14 (67) , 504-517.
  • Sultanzade, H., (2000). ″İran mimarisinde, Tebriz Kerpiçler Şehri. Kent kimliği dergisi, Kültür Araştırma merkezi yayını″, Taharn, 5 (9), 37- 48.
  • Tevessuli, M., (1980). ″Construction of City and Architecture in the Hot and Dry Climate of Tehran″, Third Edition, Tehran University Press, Tehran.
  • Velluet, P., (1998). ″The National Interest, Context: New Buildings in Historic Settings″, Oxford Architectural Press, 51- 60.
  • Yılmaz, S., Doraj, P. ve Hossein Eskandani, O., (2020). ″The Effective Technological Fields In Development Of Modern Architecture″. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 7 (55), 321-329.
  • Yousefi, E. ve Nejadkoorki, F., (2012). ″The Study of The Environment in Old and Modern Forms (Case Study of Yezd, Iran)″. International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS), September 10-12, Turkey.

İRAN᾿NIN SOĞUK VE SICAK İKLİM BÖLGELERİNDE GELENEKSEL EVLERİN TİPOLOJİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ (TEBRİZ VE YEZD ÖRNEĞİ)

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 401 - 419, 01.04.2022

Abstract

Her toplumun kültürel, sosyal ve dini kökleri o toplumun mimari yapısını yansıtmaktadır. İlk insan sığınağı olan ev, farklı toplumlardaki en büyük kültürel etkileri göstermektedir. Konut evleri her zaman İran mimarisinin en önemli türlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiş ve toplumun sosyal ve kültürel gelişiminin önemli bir kısmı içinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Yerli evler esas olarak iklimsel ve sosyo- kültürel ihtiyaçlara cevap vermeye dayalı inşa edilmiş olup, bölgenin kültürel ve sosyal yapısına uygun bir biçimde hem sıcak hem de soğuk iklimlerde mekan konforunun optimum şekilde kullanımı ve çevre koşullarının düzenlenmesi için özel bir üsluba sahip olmuştur. dolayısıyla mahremiyet konusu, özel ve kamusal alanların oluşumuna sebep olmuştır. Avluların etrafında iklimsel ve kültürel ihtiyaçlara göre konut alanları oluşturulmuş, diğer yandan sosyo-kültürel ilişkiler geleneksel İran evlerinin fiziksel yapısı ve mekansal konfigürasyonu üzerinde derin etkiler yaratmıştır. Farklı yerleşim yerlerinin mekansal yapısı analiz edilerek, bu topluluklardaki kültürel farklılıklar anlaşılabilir. Bu çalışmada Yezd ve Tebriz geleneksel evlerinin mekansal yapısı ele alanıp ve bu evlerin planları analiz edilip, karşılaştırılmıştır. Evlerin ana organlarındaki biçimsel ve işlevsel mekan dağlımının birbiriyle bağlantısı, bu unsurların söz konusu her iki iklimdeki evlerin oluşumundaki teknolojik yapısının önemi incelenmiştir. Araştırma materyali olarak bu iki şehirden altı geleneksel ev tipi seçilmiştir. Bu araştırmada betimsel-analitik yöntem kullanılarak, nitel ve betimleyici strateji ile mekanın sosyo-kültürel mantığının olanakları ve iklim özellikleri tartışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda evlerin plan ve görünüşleri incelenerek fiziksel karakterler ve ondan elde edilen bilgiler kullanılmıştır. Birbiriyle ilgili ilişki ve bağlantıları analiz ederek, mekansal dağlım ve ev tipolojilerini anlamak mümkün hale gelmiştir.
Alınan sonuçlar, her iki şehrin evlerinde sabit bir içe dönüklük üslubuna rağmen, bu şehirlerin mevcut geleneksel evlerinde form ve biçim düzeni ve mekansal dağlımında farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu değişiklikler, Yezd evlerinde Tebriz evlerine göre daha fazla mekansal derinlik, daha az geçirgenlik ve aynı zamanda iç ve dış alanlar arasında daha fazla ayrılabilirliğin varlığından bahsetmiştir. Söz konusu farklılıklar genelde sosyo-kültürel ve iklimsel özelliklerden meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiş ve bu konuda en önemli etken mahremiyet olgusu ve özel alan oluşumu olarak tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Akın, G., (1985). ″Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu᾿daki Tarihsel Ev Tiplerinde Anlam″, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İ.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Baskı Atölyesi, İstanbul.
  • Benedikt, M., (1979). ″To take the hold of space: İsovists and isovist fields″, Environment and planning b: planning and design, 6 (1), 47‐65.
  • Bridson, D., (2012). ″Courtyard Housing Study, Djingis Khan and The Kingo Houses″, ASBN26, Sustainable Urban Design Lund University.
  • Çelik Başok, G., (2017). ″Authentic Walling Technique of Traditional Houses in Akseki: Case Study on Ormana″, ATA Planlama ve Tasarım Dergisi, 1 (1), 69-77.
  • Çelik Başok, G., Nasrınık, M. ve Güneş, E., (2021). ″İran Konutlarında Muftak Mekanın Mahremiyet Olgusu Üzerinden İncelenmesi″, International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences Dergisi, 12 (43), 162-181.
  • Dehgan, A., Nagizade, M. ve Tayefi, A., (2010). ″Central Courtyard: Iranian Strategy to achieve Local Sustainable Architecture″. In: Advances in Environmental Biology, 5 (9), 2900- 2905.
  • Diba, D. ve Dehbashi, M., (2004). ″Trends in Modern Iranian Architecture″. In Iran: Architecture for Changing Societies, 31-37.
  • Gubadian, V., (1996). ″Analyzing Iran᾿s traditional structures from a cliamtes perspective″. Tehran university Press, Tehran, Iran.
  • Gubadian, V., (2009). ″Sustainable Traditional Buildings of Iran, A Climatic Analysis″, Islamic Azad University, Universal Publisher, Beirut.
  • Hillier, B., (2007). ″Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture″. Space Syntax Laboratory, London.
  • Hillier, B. ve Hanson, J., (1984). ″The social logic of space″, Cambridge University press.
  • Hossein Eskandani, O., Yılmaz, S. ve Doraj, P., (2021). ″Role of nature in the formation of organik architecture″. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 8(69), 1114-1122.
  • Hossein Eskandani, O. ve Doraj, P., (2021). ″Redevelopment of Brownfields, an Approach toward Sustainable Local Development″, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Research Article, 12 (13), 4808-4815.
  • Kazemi, A. G. ve Shirvani, A. H., (2011). ″An Overview of Some Vernacular Techniques in Iranian Sustainable Architecturein Reference to Cisterns and Ice Houses″. Journal of Sustainable Developement, 4(1), 264-270.
  • Mimarian, G. H., (1998). ″House Typology in Iran: With Special Reference to Shiraz″. PhD thesis. The University of Manchester, Manchester.
  • Mimarian, G. H. ve Sadugi, A., (2011). ″Application of access graphs and home culture: Examining factors relative to climate and privacy in Iranian houses″. Scientific Research and Essays, 6 (30), 6350- 6363.
  • Monreal, L., (2011). ″The future of Historic Cities″. In P. Jodidio, The Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme: strategies for urban renewal, Munich: Prestel, 12-21 .
  • Nezhad, A. K. ve Bastani, K.H., (2012). ″Common socio-spatial aspects of historic houses in Ardabil, Iran″. in Proceedings of eighth International Space Syntax Symposium: Santiago de Chile, 1-15.
  • Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Shabankareh, H., Arjmandi, H. ve Mazaheri, F., (2011). ″Relation of cultural and social attributes in dwelling, responding to privacy in Iranian traditional house″. Bangı Journal, 6 (2), 59-72.
  • Shamollahi, B., Selamat, N. ve Jamluddin, S., (2012). ″The Role of Physical Structure of Yezd City in Its Urban Identity″. Business and Society, 14 (67) , 504-517.
  • Sultanzade, H., (2000). ″İran mimarisinde, Tebriz Kerpiçler Şehri. Kent kimliği dergisi, Kültür Araştırma merkezi yayını″, Taharn, 5 (9), 37- 48.
  • Tevessuli, M., (1980). ″Construction of City and Architecture in the Hot and Dry Climate of Tehran″, Third Edition, Tehran University Press, Tehran.
  • Velluet, P., (1998). ″The National Interest, Context: New Buildings in Historic Settings″, Oxford Architectural Press, 51- 60.
  • Yılmaz, S., Doraj, P. ve Hossein Eskandani, O., (2020). ″The Effective Technological Fields In Development Of Modern Architecture″. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 7 (55), 321-329.
  • Yousefi, E. ve Nejadkoorki, F., (2012). ″The Study of The Environment in Old and Modern Forms (Case Study of Yezd, Iran)″. International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS), September 10-12, Turkey.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Parisa Doraj 0000-0001-5954-0173

Havva Özyılmaz 0000-0002-1252-0359

Omid Hosseın Eskandanı 0000-0002-0218-4187

Amir Haghjou This is me 0000-0001-7480-9257

Publication Date April 1, 2022
Submission Date January 6, 2022
Acceptance Date February 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Doraj, P., Özyılmaz, H., Hosseın Eskandanı, O., Haghjou, A. (2022). İRAN᾿NIN SOĞUK VE SICAK İKLİM BÖLGELERİNDE GELENEKSEL EVLERİN TİPOLOJİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ (TEBRİZ VE YEZD ÖRNEĞİ). Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 12(2), 401-419.


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