Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF RESILIENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BURNOUT LEVELS AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE TURKISH OLYMPIC PREPARATION CENTER (TOHM) ATHLETES

Year 2023, , 70 - 84, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1261258

Abstract

Burnout is a negative result of stress and attracts attention in research in the field of sports sciences. There is a strong need for research on prevalence rates of psychological disorders in athletes and on affected athletes. It is important to identify the reasons that increase the risk of depression and burnout in athletes and to reveal the psychological variables related to the determination of protective factors and coping strategies. The aim of our study is to determine the burnout, psychological well-being and endurance levels of athletes according to various variables and to examine the mediating effect of endurance in the relationship between burnout levels and psychological well-being. A total of 378 athletes, 106 women and 272 men, participated in the research in different branches in the Turkish Olympic Preparation Centers. Maslach Burnout Scale Student Form, Brief Psychological Resilience Scale and Psychological (Mental) Well-Being Scale were used. Descriptive statistics were used for the participants' gender and sports age variables. Correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between the scale and sub-variables, and t-test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the differences between gender and sports age in the variables. Bonferroni test was applied for the source of the difference. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine whether resilience mediates the relationship between burnout and psychological well-being. The results of the study showed that burnout significantly predicted resilience and psychological well-being, and psychological well-being significantly predicted resilience with an explanatory power of 16%. This means that a higher level of resilience is associated with greater psychological well-being and a lower sense of burnout. As a result, it proposes a new perspective on endurance competence to improve the mental health of athletes. Applying the concepts of resilience and psychological well-being to sports can prevent or reduce the burnout of athletes, develop a coping mechanism against stressful situations they may encounter, and protect their mental health.

References

  • Ahrens, C. J. C., & Ryff, C. D. (2006). Multiple roles and well-being: Sociodemographic and psychological moderators. Sex Roles, 55, 801-815.
  • Becchetti, L., Bachelet, M., & Pisani, F. (2019). Poor eudaimonic subjective wellbeing as a mortality risk factor. Economia Politica, 36, 245-272.
  • Biricik, Y. S., & Sivrikaya, M. H. (2020). Investigation of psychological resilience and self-effect levels of faculty of sports students. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(9), 82-89.
  • Burke, R. J., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Paton, D., & Ryan, M. (2006). Characterizing the resilient officer: Individual attributes at point of entry to policing. Traumatology, 12, 178–188.
  • Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
  • Chung, M. C., & Harding, C. (2009). Investigating burnout and psychological well‐being of staff working with people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(6), 549-560.
  • Codonhato, R., Vissoci, J. R. N., Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. D., Mizoguchi, M. V., & Fiorese, L. (2018). Impact of resilience on stress and recovery in athletes. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 24, 352-356.
  • Çapri, B., Gündüz, B., & Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach tükenmişlik envanteri-öğrenci formu'nun (mte-öf) türkçe'ye uyarlamasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 40(1), 134-147.
  • Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kisa formu’nun türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.432708
  • Diehl, M., & Hay, E. L. (2010). Risk and resilience factors in coping with daily stress in adulthood: The role of age, self-concept incoherence, and personal control. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1132–1146.
  • Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 365.
  • Galli, N., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2015). Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 243-257.
  • Golonka, K., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Gawlowska, M., & Popiel, K. (2017). Cognitive impairments in occupational burnout–error processing and its indices of reactive and proactive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 676.
  • He, F. X., Turnbull, B., Kirshbaum, M. N., Phillips, B., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2018). Assessing stress, protective factors and psychological well-being among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 68, 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.013
  • Hirano, M. (2012). Buffer effects of resilience on psychological sensitivity: Can acquired resilience redeem innate vulnerability? Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 343-354.
  • Honkonen, T., Ahola, K., Pertovaara, M., Isometsä, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., ... & Lönnqvist, J. (2006). The association between burnout and physical illness in the general population—results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 59-66.
  • Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.039
  • Karasar, N. (2006). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • King, M. F., Renó, V. F., & Novo, E. M. (2014). The concept, dimensions and methods of assessment of human well-being within a socioecological context: a literature review. Social Indicators Research, 116, 681-698.
  • Laurence, B., Williams, C., & Eiland, D. (2009). Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support among dental students at a historically black college and university. Journal of American College Health, 58(1), 56-63.
  • Lee, R.T., & Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123133. doi:10.1037/ 0021- 9010.81.2.123
  • Linley, P. A. (2013). Human strengths and well-being: Finding the best within us at the intersection of eudaimonic philosophy, humanistic psychology, and positive psychology. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia (pp. 269–285). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14092-014
  • Lu, F. J., Gill, D. L., Yang, C. M., Lee, P. F., Chiu, Y. H., Hsu, Y. W., & Kuan, G. (2018). Measuring athletic mental energy (AME): instrument development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2363.
  • Lu, F. J., Lee, W. P., Chang, Y. K., Chou, C. C., Hsu, Y. W., Lin, J. H., & Gill, D. L. (2016). Interaction of athletes' resilience and coaches' social support on the stress-burnout relationship: A conjunctive moderation perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 202-209.
  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
  • Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS). The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.62
  • Mallı, A. Y. (2018). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında okul spor yarışmalarına katılan ve katılmayan öğrencilerin öznel iyi oluş düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzincan.
  • Maslach C., Schaufeli W. B. & Leiter M. P. (2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422.
  • Maslach, C. (2001). What have we learned about burnout and health?. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 607-611.
  • Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P., & Jackson, S. E. (2012). Making a significant difference with burnout interventions: Researcher and practitioner collaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 296-300.
  • McGarry, S., Girdler, S., McDonald, A., Valentine, J., Lee, S. L., Blair, E., . . . Elliott, C. (2013). Paediatric health‐care professionals: Relationships between psychological distress, resilience and coping skills. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(9), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12260
  • Mitchell G. & Hastings R. P. (2001) Coping, burnout and emotion in staff working in community services for people with challenging behaviors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 448–459.
  • Nezhad, M. A. S., & Besharat, M. A. (2010). Relations of resilience and hardiness with sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 757-763.
  • Ortega, F. Z., Santos, E. O. Z., Moral, P. V., Fernández, S. R., Sánchez, M. C., & Molina, J. J. M. (2017). Análisis de la resiliencia, autoconcepto y motivación en judo según el género. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 26(1), 71-81.
  • Patsiaouras, A. (2021). Team category and gender differences of resilience among high-level volleyball players. Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement, 3(1), 1-9.
  • Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: A definition in context. Australian Community Psychologist, 22, 30–37.
  • Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307–321.
  • Ríos‐Risquez, M. I., García‐Izquierdo, M., Sabuco‐Tebar, E. d. l. Á., Carrillo‐Garcia, C., & Solano‐Ruiz, C. (2018). Connections between academic burnout, resilience, and psychological well‐being in nursing students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2777-2784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13794
  • Rose D., Horne S., Rose J. L. & Hastings R. P. (2004). Negative emotional reactions to challenging behaviour and staff burnout: two replication studies. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 219–223.
  • Rowold, J. (2011). Effects of spiritual well-being on subsequent happiness, psychological well-being, and stress. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 950-963.
  • Ryba, T. V., Aunola, K., Kalaja, S., Selänne, H., Ronkainen, N. J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2016). A new perspective on adolescent athletes’ transition into upper secondary school: A longitudinal mixed methods study protocol. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1142412.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2013). Eudaimonic well-being and health: Mapping consequences of self-realization. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia (pp. 77–98). American Psychological Association.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.
  • Salmela‐Aro, K., Kiuru, N., & Nurmi, J. E. (2008). The role of educational track in adolescents' school burnout: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(4), 663-689.
  • Santinello, M. (2007). Link Burnout Questionnaire, Manual. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach. C. y Marek, T. (2017). Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481.
  • Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study & practice. A critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2005). Commentary. The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart. Work and Stress, 19, 256262. doi:10.1080/ 02678370500385913
  • Shin, H., Noh, H., Jang, Y., Park, Y. M., & Lee, S. M. (2013). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between teacher burnout and depression. Journal of Employment Counseling, 50(3), 124-137.
  • Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
  • Sorkkila, M., Aunola, K., & Ryba, T. V. (2017). A person-oriented approach to sport and school burnout in adolescent student-athletes: The role of individual and parental expectations. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 28, 58-67.
  • Sorkkila, M., Ryba, T. V., Selänne, H., & Aunola, K. (2020). Development of school and sport burnout in adolescent student‐athletes: A longitudinal mixed‐methods study. Journal Of Research On Adolescence, 30, 115-133.
  • Steinhardt, M., & Dolbier, C. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health, 56(4), 445-453.
  • Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The Psychological Well-Being of Unaccompanied Minors: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Immigrating From Russia and Ukraine to Israel Without Parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(2), 177-204.
  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., . . . Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
  • Wang, C. C. D., & Castañeda‐Sound, C. (2008). The Role of Generational Status, Self‐Esteem, Academic Self‐Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support in College Students' Psychological Well‐Being. Journal of College Counseling,11(2), 101- 118.
  • Wingo, A. P., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2014). Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 51, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.007
  • Wu, D., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Zhang, W., & Huang, C.-J. (2021). Organizational stressors predict competitive trait anxiety and burnout in young athletes: Testing psychological resilience as a moderator. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01633-7
  • Xu, W., Sun, H., Zhu, B., Bai, W., Yu, X., Duan, R., ... & Li, W. (2019). Analysis of factors affecting the high subjective well-being of Chinese residents based on the 2014 China family panel study. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16(14), 2566.

TÜRKİYE OLİMPİYAT HAZIRLIK MERKEZİ (TOHM) SPORCULARININ TÜKENMİŞLİK DÜZEYLERİ İLE PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLUŞLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE DAYANIKLILIĞIN ARACILIK ETKİSİ

Year 2023, , 70 - 84, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1261258

Abstract

Tükenmişlik, stresin olumsuz bir sonucudur ve spor bilimleri alanındaki araştırmalarda dikkat çekmektedir. Sporcularda psikolojik bozuklukların yaygınlık oranları ve etkilenen sporcular üzerine yapılan araştırmalara güçlü ihtiyaç vardır. Sporcularda depresyon ve tükenmişlik riskini artıran nedenleri tespit etmek ve koruyucu etmenlerin ve başa çıkma stratejilerinin tespitine ait psikolojik değişkenleri ortaya çıkarmak önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı sporcularda tükenmişlik, psikolojik iyi oluş ve dayanıklılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre belirlenmesi ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkide dayanıklılığın aracılık etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya Türkiye Olimpiyat Hazırlık Merkezlerinde yer alan farklı branşlarda 106 kadın ve 272 erkek olmak üzere toplam 378 sporcu katılmıştır. Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği Öğrenci Formu, Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve Psikolojik (Mental) İyi Oluş Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların cinsiyet ve spor yaşı değişkenleri için tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılmıştır. Ölçek ve alt değişkenler arasındaki korelasyonları belirlemek için korelasyon analizi, değişkenlerdeki cinsiyet ve spor yaşı arasındaki farklılıkları analiz etmek için t-testi ve varyans analizi yapılmıştır. Farklılığın kaynağına yönelik Bonferroni testi uygulanmıştır. Dayanıklılığın, tükenmişlik ve psikolojik iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık edip etmediğini belirlemek için çoklu regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, tükenmişliğin dayanıklılığı ve psikolojik iyi oluşu anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı ve psikolojik iyi oluşun dayanıklılığı %16’lık bir açıklamaya gücüyle anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığını göstermiştir. Bu da yüksek dayanıklılık düzeyinin daha fazla psikolojik iyi oluş ve daha düşük tükenmişlik hissi ile ilişkilidir. Sonuç olarak sporcuların zihinsel sağlıklarını iyileştirmek için dayanıklılık yeterliliğine ilişkin yeni bir bakış açısı önermektedir. Dayanıklılık ve psikolojik iyi oluş kavramlarının spora uygulanması, sporcuların tükenmişliklerini önleyebilir ya da azaltabilir, karşılaşabilecekleri stresli durumlara karşı bir başa çıkma mekanizması geliştirebilir ve ruh sağlıklarını koruyabilir.

References

  • Ahrens, C. J. C., & Ryff, C. D. (2006). Multiple roles and well-being: Sociodemographic and psychological moderators. Sex Roles, 55, 801-815.
  • Becchetti, L., Bachelet, M., & Pisani, F. (2019). Poor eudaimonic subjective wellbeing as a mortality risk factor. Economia Politica, 36, 245-272.
  • Biricik, Y. S., & Sivrikaya, M. H. (2020). Investigation of psychological resilience and self-effect levels of faculty of sports students. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(9), 82-89.
  • Burke, R. J., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Paton, D., & Ryan, M. (2006). Characterizing the resilient officer: Individual attributes at point of entry to policing. Traumatology, 12, 178–188.
  • Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
  • Chung, M. C., & Harding, C. (2009). Investigating burnout and psychological well‐being of staff working with people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(6), 549-560.
  • Codonhato, R., Vissoci, J. R. N., Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. D., Mizoguchi, M. V., & Fiorese, L. (2018). Impact of resilience on stress and recovery in athletes. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 24, 352-356.
  • Çapri, B., Gündüz, B., & Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach tükenmişlik envanteri-öğrenci formu'nun (mte-öf) türkçe'ye uyarlamasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 40(1), 134-147.
  • Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kisa formu’nun türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.432708
  • Diehl, M., & Hay, E. L. (2010). Risk and resilience factors in coping with daily stress in adulthood: The role of age, self-concept incoherence, and personal control. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1132–1146.
  • Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 365.
  • Galli, N., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2015). Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 243-257.
  • Golonka, K., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Gawlowska, M., & Popiel, K. (2017). Cognitive impairments in occupational burnout–error processing and its indices of reactive and proactive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 676.
  • He, F. X., Turnbull, B., Kirshbaum, M. N., Phillips, B., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2018). Assessing stress, protective factors and psychological well-being among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 68, 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.013
  • Hirano, M. (2012). Buffer effects of resilience on psychological sensitivity: Can acquired resilience redeem innate vulnerability? Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 343-354.
  • Honkonen, T., Ahola, K., Pertovaara, M., Isometsä, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., ... & Lönnqvist, J. (2006). The association between burnout and physical illness in the general population—results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 59-66.
  • Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.039
  • Karasar, N. (2006). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • King, M. F., Renó, V. F., & Novo, E. M. (2014). The concept, dimensions and methods of assessment of human well-being within a socioecological context: a literature review. Social Indicators Research, 116, 681-698.
  • Laurence, B., Williams, C., & Eiland, D. (2009). Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support among dental students at a historically black college and university. Journal of American College Health, 58(1), 56-63.
  • Lee, R.T., & Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123133. doi:10.1037/ 0021- 9010.81.2.123
  • Linley, P. A. (2013). Human strengths and well-being: Finding the best within us at the intersection of eudaimonic philosophy, humanistic psychology, and positive psychology. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia (pp. 269–285). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14092-014
  • Lu, F. J., Gill, D. L., Yang, C. M., Lee, P. F., Chiu, Y. H., Hsu, Y. W., & Kuan, G. (2018). Measuring athletic mental energy (AME): instrument development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2363.
  • Lu, F. J., Lee, W. P., Chang, Y. K., Chou, C. C., Hsu, Y. W., Lin, J. H., & Gill, D. L. (2016). Interaction of athletes' resilience and coaches' social support on the stress-burnout relationship: A conjunctive moderation perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 202-209.
  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
  • Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS). The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.62
  • Mallı, A. Y. (2018). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında okul spor yarışmalarına katılan ve katılmayan öğrencilerin öznel iyi oluş düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzincan.
  • Maslach C., Schaufeli W. B. & Leiter M. P. (2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422.
  • Maslach, C. (2001). What have we learned about burnout and health?. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 607-611.
  • Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P., & Jackson, S. E. (2012). Making a significant difference with burnout interventions: Researcher and practitioner collaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 296-300.
  • McGarry, S., Girdler, S., McDonald, A., Valentine, J., Lee, S. L., Blair, E., . . . Elliott, C. (2013). Paediatric health‐care professionals: Relationships between psychological distress, resilience and coping skills. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(9), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12260
  • Mitchell G. & Hastings R. P. (2001) Coping, burnout and emotion in staff working in community services for people with challenging behaviors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 448–459.
  • Nezhad, M. A. S., & Besharat, M. A. (2010). Relations of resilience and hardiness with sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 757-763.
  • Ortega, F. Z., Santos, E. O. Z., Moral, P. V., Fernández, S. R., Sánchez, M. C., & Molina, J. J. M. (2017). Análisis de la resiliencia, autoconcepto y motivación en judo según el género. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 26(1), 71-81.
  • Patsiaouras, A. (2021). Team category and gender differences of resilience among high-level volleyball players. Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement, 3(1), 1-9.
  • Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: A definition in context. Australian Community Psychologist, 22, 30–37.
  • Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307–321.
  • Ríos‐Risquez, M. I., García‐Izquierdo, M., Sabuco‐Tebar, E. d. l. Á., Carrillo‐Garcia, C., & Solano‐Ruiz, C. (2018). Connections between academic burnout, resilience, and psychological well‐being in nursing students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2777-2784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13794
  • Rose D., Horne S., Rose J. L. & Hastings R. P. (2004). Negative emotional reactions to challenging behaviour and staff burnout: two replication studies. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 219–223.
  • Rowold, J. (2011). Effects of spiritual well-being on subsequent happiness, psychological well-being, and stress. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 950-963.
  • Ryba, T. V., Aunola, K., Kalaja, S., Selänne, H., Ronkainen, N. J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2016). A new perspective on adolescent athletes’ transition into upper secondary school: A longitudinal mixed methods study protocol. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1142412.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2013). Eudaimonic well-being and health: Mapping consequences of self-realization. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia (pp. 77–98). American Psychological Association.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.
  • Salmela‐Aro, K., Kiuru, N., & Nurmi, J. E. (2008). The role of educational track in adolescents' school burnout: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(4), 663-689.
  • Santinello, M. (2007). Link Burnout Questionnaire, Manual. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach. C. y Marek, T. (2017). Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481.
  • Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study & practice. A critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2005). Commentary. The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart. Work and Stress, 19, 256262. doi:10.1080/ 02678370500385913
  • Shin, H., Noh, H., Jang, Y., Park, Y. M., & Lee, S. M. (2013). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between teacher burnout and depression. Journal of Employment Counseling, 50(3), 124-137.
  • Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
  • Sorkkila, M., Aunola, K., & Ryba, T. V. (2017). A person-oriented approach to sport and school burnout in adolescent student-athletes: The role of individual and parental expectations. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 28, 58-67.
  • Sorkkila, M., Ryba, T. V., Selänne, H., & Aunola, K. (2020). Development of school and sport burnout in adolescent student‐athletes: A longitudinal mixed‐methods study. Journal Of Research On Adolescence, 30, 115-133.
  • Steinhardt, M., & Dolbier, C. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health, 56(4), 445-453.
  • Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The Psychological Well-Being of Unaccompanied Minors: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Immigrating From Russia and Ukraine to Israel Without Parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(2), 177-204.
  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., . . . Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
  • Wang, C. C. D., & Castañeda‐Sound, C. (2008). The Role of Generational Status, Self‐Esteem, Academic Self‐Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support in College Students' Psychological Well‐Being. Journal of College Counseling,11(2), 101- 118.
  • Wingo, A. P., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2014). Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 51, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.007
  • Wu, D., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Zhang, W., & Huang, C.-J. (2021). Organizational stressors predict competitive trait anxiety and burnout in young athletes: Testing psychological resilience as a moderator. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01633-7
  • Xu, W., Sun, H., Zhu, B., Bai, W., Yu, X., Duan, R., ... & Li, W. (2019). Analysis of factors affecting the high subjective well-being of Chinese residents based on the 2014 China family panel study. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16(14), 2566.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yunus Sinan Biricik 0000-0002-8579-9514

Publication Date April 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

Vancouver Biricik YS. TÜRKİYE OLİMPİYAT HAZIRLIK MERKEZİ (TOHM) SPORCULARININ TÜKENMİŞLİK DÜZEYLERİ İLE PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLUŞLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE DAYANIKLILIĞIN ARACILIK ETKİSİ. TOJRAS. 2023;12(2):70-84.