Kısa Mesafe Koşucularının Müsabaka Öncesi Sözsüz Davranışları Performanslarını Etkiliyor mu?
Year 2023,
, 293 - 301, 30.07.2023
Dilara Erkan
,
Işık Bayraktar
,
Ayşe Sibel Biçer
Abstract
Atletizmin kısa mesafe koşu branşlarında sporcunun başlama komutundan önce konsantrasyonunu sağlaması ve olumsuz duygularını kontrol etmesi beklenir. Sporcuların beden dili, onların "gerçek" içsel durumları hakkında önemli ipuçları verebilir. Bu nedenle sporcuların müsabakaya başlamadan önce sözel olmayan davranışlarının analiz edilmesi önemlidir. Bu önem doğrultusunda mevcut çalışmanın amacı, atletlerin müsabaka öncesi sözel olmayan davranışlarını analiz etmek ve sporcuların performansları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmaya 18 yaş ve üzeri 60 metre branşında yarışan 79 erkek atlet katılmıştır. Çıkış takozu başında hazır bulunduklarından “yerlerinize” komutu gelene kadar olan süre videoya alınmıştır. Kaydedilen videolar aracılığıyla BAP (Body Action-Posture) kodlama sistemi kullanılarak sporcuların sözsüz davranışları analiz edilmiştri. Elde edilen sayısal verilerle istatistiksel analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda “göğsün dışarı çıkarılması, başın aşağı eğilmesi, sol elin belde tutulması, sağ kolun yanda durması ve sağ kolun önde tutulması” hareketlerini sergileyen sprinterlerin yarışı bitirme sürelerinin diğerlerine göre anlamlı olarak daha iyi olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak bu tez çalışması ile sporcuların bazı sözel olmayan davranışlarının performanslarının belirli bir kısmını açıkladığı ortaya konmuştur. Sözel olmayan davranışların sporcunun mental durumu hakkında ipucu verebileceği gibi müsabakanın sonucu hakkında da ipucu verebileceği bu çalışma ile tartışmaya açılmıştır.
References
- Andreas De Block, & Siegfried Dewitte. (2008). Darwinism and the cultural cvolution of sports. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.0.0063
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- Carney, D. R., Hall, J. A., & LeBeau, L. S. (2005). Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-005-2743-z
- Cohen, L., Monion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342
- Dael, N., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). The Body Action and Posture Coding System (BAP): Development and Reliability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36(2), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-012-0130-0
- Darwin, C. (2021). İnsanda ve hayvanlarda duyguların ifade edilmesi (K. Cankoçak, Ed.; 2nd ed.). (B. Kılıç, Çev.) Alfa Yayınları.
- Deaner, R. O., Balish, S. M., & Lombardo, M. P. (2016). Sex differences in sports interest and motivation: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000049
- Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? American Psychological Association. Inc., 99(3), 550–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550
- FIFA. (2016). Laws of The Game. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Http://Www.Wareferees.Org/Documents/2015-16%20Laws%20of%20the%20Game.Pdf.
- Furley, P. (2019). What modern sports competitions can tell us about human nature. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618794912
- Furley, P., Dicks, M., & Memmert, D. (2012). Nonverbal behavior in soccer: The influence of dominant and submissive body language on the impression formation and expectancy of success of soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.1.61
- Furley, P., & Roth, A. (2021). Coding Body Language in Sports: The Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0066
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2014). “I’m pretty sure that we will win!”: The Influence of score-related nonverbal behavioral changes on the confidence in winning a basketball game. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0199
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2016). Nonverbal communication of confidence in soccer referees: An experimental test of Darwin’s leakage hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(6), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0192
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2019). Body language in sport. In Handbook of Sport Psychology (pp. 1201–1219). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch59
- Garica-Marcos, F., & Garcia-Mateo, P. (2021). Sports Kinesics. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de La Actividad Física y El Deporte, 21(84), 843–858. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2021.84.013
- Güldenpenning, I., Kunde, W., & Weigelt, M. (2017). How to trick your opponent: A review article on deceptive actions in interactive sports. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 8, Issue 917, pp. 1–12). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00917
- Hayfield, T., & Racine, J. S. (2008). Nonparametric econometrics: The np package. Journal of Statistical Software, 27(5), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v027.i05
- Kipp, M. (2001). ANVIL A generic annotation tool for multimodal dialogue. EUROSPEECH 2001 - SCANDINAVIA - 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1367–1370. http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat adresinden erişildi.
- Kunde, W., Skirde, S., & Weigelt, M. (2011). Trust my face: cognitive factors of head fakes in sports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(2), 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023756
- Lombardo, M. P. (2012). On the Evolution of Sport. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/147470491201000101, 10(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000101
- Moll, T., Jordet, G., & Pepping, G. J. (2010). Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: Celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.484068
- Navarro, J., & Karlin, M. (2020). Beden Dili - Bir FBI ajanından insanların bedenini okuma rehberi (R. Gürtuna, Ed.; 44th ed.). (T. Taftaf, Çev.) Alfa Yayınları.
- Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006). Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(6), 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.007
- Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2002). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. In Survey of Ophthalmology (3rd ed., Vol. 47, Issue 6). F. A. Davis Company. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00362-4
- Profkipp. (2012). ANVIL Tutorial: Basic Concepts [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWjjNX7Jdpk&list=PLglgr37NjmD4xdeupyXs8fSdINs49vLvs&index=1
- Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). What are emotion expressions for? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424739
- Tezcan, N. (2011). Parametrik olmayan regresyon analizi. Atatürk Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 25(0), 341–352. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/2706/35800
- UEFA. (2008). Body language helps referees. Union of European Football Associations. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Https://Www.Uefa.Com/Insideuefa/Protecting-the-Game/News/01d1-0f84e4a9893e-869698c94ab0-1000--Body-Language-Helps-Referees/
- Vast, R. L., Young, R. L., & Thomas, P. R. (2010). Emotions in sport: Perceived Effects on Aatention, Concentration, and Performance. Australian Psychologist, 45(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060903261538
- Walker, J., Poliziani, C., Tortora, C., Schweizer, J., & Rupi, F. (2022). Nonparametric regression analysis of cyclist waiting times across three behavioral typologies. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(3), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11030169
- Wilkins, A. (2011). Why are most people right-handed? Gizmodo. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Https://Gizmodo.Com/Why-Are-Most-People-Right-Handed-5840005.
Do The Non-Verbal Behaviors of Sprinters Before The Competition Affect Their Performance
Year 2023,
, 293 - 301, 30.07.2023
Dilara Erkan
,
Işık Bayraktar
,
Ayşe Sibel Biçer
Abstract
In athletics, the athlete is expected to get their concentration and control his negative emotions before the start. Body language of athletes can give important clues about their "real" internal states. On account of, it is important to analyze the nonverbal behaviors of the athletes before the start. In line with this importance, the aim of this study is to analyze the pre-start nonverbal behaviors of the athletes by coding them with the "Body Action Posture Coding System" and to examine the effect on the performance of the athletes. As a result, with this thesis study, it has been revealed that some nonverbal behaviors of the athletes, affect their performance. Nonverbal behaviors can give clues about the mental state of the athlete as well as give clues about the result of the competition has been opened to discussion with this study.
References
- Andreas De Block, & Siegfried Dewitte. (2008). Darwinism and the cultural cvolution of sports. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.0.0063
- Bakırcı, Ç. M. (2013). Sağlaklık ve solaklık nasıl evrimleşti? El tercihi genetik mi? Hangi elimizi kullanacağımızı ne belirliyor? Evrim Ağacı. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Https://Evrimagaci.Org/Saglaklik-ve-Solaklik-Nasil-Evrimlesti-El-Tercihi-Genetik-Mi-Hangi-Elimizi-Kullanacagimizi-Ne-Belirliyor-375.
- Bissa, G., & Sharma, A. (2010). Teaching learning process a study with special reference non-verbal communication. International Research Journal, I(6), 57–61. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.392.6239&rep=rep1&type=pdf adresinden erişildi.
- Carney, D. R., Hall, J. A., & LeBeau, L. S. (2005). Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-005-2743-z
- Cohen, L., Monion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342
- Dael, N., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). The Body Action and Posture Coding System (BAP): Development and Reliability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36(2), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-012-0130-0
- Darwin, C. (2021). İnsanda ve hayvanlarda duyguların ifade edilmesi (K. Cankoçak, Ed.; 2nd ed.). (B. Kılıç, Çev.) Alfa Yayınları.
- Deaner, R. O., Balish, S. M., & Lombardo, M. P. (2016). Sex differences in sports interest and motivation: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000049
- Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? American Psychological Association. Inc., 99(3), 550–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550
- FIFA. (2016). Laws of The Game. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Http://Www.Wareferees.Org/Documents/2015-16%20Laws%20of%20the%20Game.Pdf.
- Furley, P. (2019). What modern sports competitions can tell us about human nature. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618794912
- Furley, P., Dicks, M., & Memmert, D. (2012). Nonverbal behavior in soccer: The influence of dominant and submissive body language on the impression formation and expectancy of success of soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.1.61
- Furley, P., & Roth, A. (2021). Coding Body Language in Sports: The Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0066
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2014). “I’m pretty sure that we will win!”: The Influence of score-related nonverbal behavioral changes on the confidence in winning a basketball game. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0199
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2016). Nonverbal communication of confidence in soccer referees: An experimental test of Darwin’s leakage hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(6), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0192
- Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2019). Body language in sport. In Handbook of Sport Psychology (pp. 1201–1219). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch59
- Garica-Marcos, F., & Garcia-Mateo, P. (2021). Sports Kinesics. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de La Actividad Física y El Deporte, 21(84), 843–858. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2021.84.013
- Güldenpenning, I., Kunde, W., & Weigelt, M. (2017). How to trick your opponent: A review article on deceptive actions in interactive sports. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 8, Issue 917, pp. 1–12). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00917
- Hayfield, T., & Racine, J. S. (2008). Nonparametric econometrics: The np package. Journal of Statistical Software, 27(5), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v027.i05
- Kipp, M. (2001). ANVIL A generic annotation tool for multimodal dialogue. EUROSPEECH 2001 - SCANDINAVIA - 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1367–1370. http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat adresinden erişildi.
- Kunde, W., Skirde, S., & Weigelt, M. (2011). Trust my face: cognitive factors of head fakes in sports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(2), 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023756
- Lombardo, M. P. (2012). On the Evolution of Sport. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/147470491201000101, 10(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000101
- Moll, T., Jordet, G., & Pepping, G. J. (2010). Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: Celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.484068
- Navarro, J., & Karlin, M. (2020). Beden Dili - Bir FBI ajanından insanların bedenini okuma rehberi (R. Gürtuna, Ed.; 44th ed.). (T. Taftaf, Çev.) Alfa Yayınları.
- Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006). Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(6), 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.007
- Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2002). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. In Survey of Ophthalmology (3rd ed., Vol. 47, Issue 6). F. A. Davis Company. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00362-4
- Profkipp. (2012). ANVIL Tutorial: Basic Concepts [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWjjNX7Jdpk&list=PLglgr37NjmD4xdeupyXs8fSdINs49vLvs&index=1
- Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). What are emotion expressions for? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424739
- Tezcan, N. (2011). Parametrik olmayan regresyon analizi. Atatürk Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 25(0), 341–352. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/2706/35800
- UEFA. (2008). Body language helps referees. Union of European Football Associations. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Https://Www.Uefa.Com/Insideuefa/Protecting-the-Game/News/01d1-0f84e4a9893e-869698c94ab0-1000--Body-Language-Helps-Referees/
- Vast, R. L., Young, R. L., & Thomas, P. R. (2010). Emotions in sport: Perceived Effects on Aatention, Concentration, and Performance. Australian Psychologist, 45(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060903261538
- Walker, J., Poliziani, C., Tortora, C., Schweizer, J., & Rupi, F. (2022). Nonparametric regression analysis of cyclist waiting times across three behavioral typologies. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(3), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11030169
- Wilkins, A. (2011). Why are most people right-handed? Gizmodo. Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2022, Https://Gizmodo.Com/Why-Are-Most-People-Right-Handed-5840005.